NUR 376 EXAM 1 BLUEPRINT & STUDY GUIDE Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul Pass the Exam with Confidence

NUR 376 EXAM 1
BLUEPRINT & STUDY GUIDE
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul

Pass the Exam with Confidence



 This]exam]will]cover]modules]1-3b]and]consists]of]45]questions.
 You]will]have]1.5]minutes]per]question.
 The]test]will]have]multiple]choice,]select]all]that]apply,]matching,] a
nd]sequence]questions.
 See]below]for]an]explanation]of]the]aptitude]level] o
f]each]question.
 We]wish]you]luck!

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376 Exam ]]] #1]]]] Blueprint]]] by ]]] Rhae




This]exam]will]cover]modules]1-
3b]and]consists]of]45]questions.]You]will]have]1.5]minutes]per]question.]The]test]will]have]multiple]choice,]select]all]that]apply,]matching,]
and]sequence]questions.]See]below]for]an]explanation]of]the]aptitude]level]of]each] question.]We]wish]you]luck!




M Outcome Topic Bl #
o ]o of
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Module 1 Immunity, Infection & Inflammation (CH 9, 10, 11)




Copy]of]1]Inflammation]Outline

1 Distinguish]between Vascular]permeability U 1
] the]three]phases] of n
] inflammatory] rea During]this]phase,]blood]vessels]dilate]and]become]more]permeable,]allowing]immune]cells] a ]d

ction. nd]proteins]to]reach]the]injured]site.]This]results]in]redness,]warmth,]and]swelling ]e

]r
Cellular]Chemotaxis s]
Inflammatory]cells,]particularly]neutrophils]and]macrophages,]migrate]to]the]site]of]injury]in] re ta
sponse]to]chemical]signals.]These]cells]help]eliminate]pathogens]and]damaged]tissue ]n

]d




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Systemic]Responses
The]body]initiates]a]systemic]inflammatory]response,]which]may]include]fever,]increased]white] bl
ood]cell]production,]and]the]release]of]inflammatory]mediators]such]as]cytokines.]This] response]
helps]coordinate]the]immune]system's]actions]to]address]injury]or]infection

1 Identify]key]lab] val Titer A 2
ues]in]inflammatory Titer]testing]measures]the]concentration]of]antibodies]in]the]blood,]which]helps]determine] imm p
] and] infectious]dise une]response]and]disease]exposure.]In]inflammatory]and]infectious]diseases,]titer]levels] provid ]p

ases. e]insight]into]past]or]current]infections,]vaccine]effectiveness,]and]immune]system] function l]
y




HIV R
In]HIV](Human]Immunodeficiency]Virus)]infection,]several]laboratory]values]are]crucial]for] di e
agnosis,]monitoring]disease]progression,]and]guiding]treatment.]These]include: ]
m
1. CD4+] T-Cell] Count
]e
● Normal]range:] 500–1,500] cells/mm³
]
● HIV]impact:]Progressive]HIV]infection]leads]to]a]decline]in]CD4]count. m
● Significance: ]b
○ ≥500]cells/mm³:]Normal]immune]function ]e
○ 200–499]cells/mm³:]Weakened]immune]system ]r
○ <200]cells/mm³:]AIDS]diagnosis](high]risk]for]opportunistic]infections)
2. HIV]Viral]Load](HIV]RNA)
● Measured]in]copies/mL]of]blood
● Undetectable](<50]copies/mL):] Effective] antiretroviral] therapy] (ART)
● >100,000]copies/mL:]High]viral]load,]risk]of]rapid]disease]progression
● Used]to]assess:
○ Effectiveness]of]ART
○ Risk]of]transmission
3. Complete]Blood]Count](CBC)

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● Common]findings]in]HIV:
○ Leukopenia](low]WBC]count):] Increased] infection] risk
○ Anemia](low]RBC]count]and]hemoglobin):]Common]in]advanced]HIV
○ Thrombocytopenia](low]platelets):]Can]cause]bleeding]tendencies
4. C-Reactive] Protein] (CRP)] &] Erythrocyte] Sedimentation] Rate] (ESR)
● Markers]of]inflammation
● Elevated]in]HIV]due]to]chronic]immune]activation]and]secondary]infections
5. Liver]and]Kidney]Function]Tests
● ALT,]AST](Liver]enzymes):]Can]be]elevated]due]to]ART]toxicity]or]hepatitis] c
o-infection
● Creatinine,]BUN](Kidney]function):]Monitored] for] ART-related] nephrotoxicity
6. CD4/CD8] Ratio
● Normal] range:] 1.0–2.5
● In]HIV:]The]ratio]decreases]as]CD4]cells]decline]and]CD8]cells]increase,]indicating] im
mune]system]damage

1 Recognize] stages] of E]coli R 1
infections,] portals]] of Stages] of]Infection e
entry,] and]modes]of 1. Incubation] Period ]

transmission of ○ Time]between]exposure]to]Escherichia]coli](E.]coli)]and]the]onset]of] s m
]e
infectious]diseases. ymptoms.
]
○ Can]range]from]a]few]hours]to]10]days,]depending]on]the]strain. m
2. Prodromal]Stage ]b
○ Early,]nonspecific]symptoms]like]mild]abdominal]discomfort,]nausea,]or] f ]e
atigue. ]r
3. Acute]Stage](Illness]Phase)
○ Symptoms]peak,]including]severe]diarrhea](sometimes]bloody),]abdominal] c
ramps,]vomiting,]and]fever.
○ Certain] strains] (e.g.,] E.] coli] O157:H7)] can] cause] hemolytic]uremic]syndrome
(HUS),]leading]to]kidney]damage.
4. Convalescent]Stage
○ Symptoms]resolve,]and]the]body]begins]to]recover.
○ Some]individuals]may]still]shed]bacteria]and]remain]contagious.
5. Resolution
○ The]infection]is]eliminated,]and]normal]health]is]restored.
Portals]of]Entry
● Oral-
Fecal]Route:]Ingesting]contaminated]food](undercooked]beef,]raw]vegetables)] or]wate
r.
● Urinary]Tract:]E.]coli]can]enter]the]urethra,]causing]urinary]tract]infections](UTIs).
● Respiratory]Tract](rare):]Aspiration]of]contaminated]water]droplets.
● Wounds/Skin:]Direct]contact]with]contaminated]surfaces]or]hands.
Modes]of]Transmission
● Direct]Contact:]Person-to-person]via]poor]hygiene](e.g.,]unwashed]hands).
● Indirect]Contact:]Contaminated]surfaces,]utensils,]or]objects.
● Foodborne]Transmission:] Consumption] of] contaminated] meat,] dairy,] or] produce.
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