Unit 1 controlled assessment Exam notes
Analyse - Examine something methodically and in detail typically to
explain or interpret it.
AC1.1 Analyse different types of crime.
AC1.2. Explain the reasons why certain crimes are unreported.
White collar crime:
These are crimes that are committed by corporate (professionals or on behalf of
a company). They tend to be non-violent crimes that are committed to conceal or
deceive to obtain or avoid losing money for a business or personal advantage.
Examples of this include security fraud, embezzlement, money-laundering, tax
evasion.
Typical victims of these crimes are usually those who have funds to invest in a
finance scheme (like recently retired workers) as they are more vulnerable. The
usual offenders of these crimes are people with high respectability and high
social status meaning the victims would trust them. Offenders could also be
involved in organized crime gangs like the Mafia (Italian gang) and Triads
(Chinese gang).
These crimes have a low level of public awareness as it is affected by the media
– this is due to the under-coverage of the crimes (could be due to abuse of power
because these crimes are usually committed by the higher class ), or from the
media labelling them as "not a crime!" which could change the public's
perception. It is also difficult to prosecute as the offenders use sophisticated
means to conceal their activities and transactions. ‘Respectable’ people so there
is little suspicion aroused.
Case study: Bernie Madoff. He was an American financer who became one of the
largest fraudsters in American history. He was the mastermind of the
largest Ponzi Scheme in history which was worth around $64.8 billion. Madoff
was the founder of the Penny Stock Brokerage in 1960 which later changed into
Bernard L. Madoff investment securities; he was the company chairman for
almost 50 years. A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud that lures investors and pays
profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors. This leads
people into a false sense of security as they think that they can trust the
investors when they cannot.
These white-collar crimes are both criminal and deviant, meaning they go
against the moral codes of society. These crimes would go unreported due to
person reasons (fear of the potential consequences as the offenders are usually
more powerful than the victim) or social reasons (this crime is complex so the
public might not understand that a crime has been committed because
transactions are hidden or carried out privately), it can also be punished through
the state (prison, court sanctions etc.)
A personal reason why white-collar crime would go unreported could be due to
someone not being affected by the crime. This is where the crime only affects
other people so therefore, they would have a lack of interests, so the crime won’t
be reported. A social and cultural reason could be the complexity of the crime.
This means that someone might not understand how the crime has happened or
how it works, meaning they won’t know that they need to report it.
Moral crimes:
,Moral Crimes are crimes because they are acts that go against the moral codes
of society and the normal standard of morality within society. This makes this
crime deviant too. Examples of these crimes are vagrancy (begging),
prostitution, underage drinking, or smoking, assisted suicide and illegal
gambling.
These crimes are considered victimless, but it can be argued that the offender
and the victim are the same person – for example, with underage drinking, the
victim and the offender are the person underage. This is because they are under
18 so they should not have been sold alcohol, but they also should know that
they should not be drinking.
The level of public awareness for this crime is quite low as these offences are
hidden from the offenders' families or are ignored by the public. This is why the
crimes will go unreported as the public may feel sympathy for the victim, so they
will not report it to the police. Many people do not know that moral crimes are a
crime like vagrancy, so they will not report it.
Society disagrees with all these crimes which makes them criminal but could also
make them deviant as they go against what is “normal.”
Case study: Diane pretty – Diane was a British woman who targeted her debates
around the laws of euthanasia. This is because she wished to peacefully end her
own life because of the pain she was suffering due to motor neuron disease. She
disliked the way she had to be looked after constantly by her husband and by
nurses. This is because it did not allow her to commit suicide by herself. She
argued that the disabled deserved to have the chance to die peacefully by
choice or else it should be considered discrimination.
State crime:
These are criminal offences that are perpetrated by, or by order of, state
agencies (like governments) in order to further their policies. These crimes often
go against the European convention of Human Rights like freedom of torture and
inhuman treatment. Examples of these crimes are genocide, war crimes, torture,
and imprisonment without trial.
The victims of state crimes are usually citizens of the country or people who
follow a different religion or political view than the government. This means they
can be oppressed easily as the government has the power. This means that the
offenders of these crimes are usually high-ranking government officials under the
order of the country’s regime. The level of public awareness of this crime is quite
high, this is because the media is quick to report events in society. The severity
of state crimes is very extreme so this means they would be reported quickly
and be covered by many different news agencies so this means that it would
reach a larger audience. For example, most people (if not all people) know about
the atrocities of the holocaust caused by Nazi leader Hitler. Also, this crime is
deviant as it goes against the moral codes of society.
Case study: During World War 2 the Nazis and their allies killed nearly two out of
every 3 European Jews. They did this through mass shootings and gas chambers
that were designed in camps specifically made to torture and abuse Jews -
including mothers and children. The total number of Jews persecuted and
murdered was close to 6 million. This atrocity was publicized to the world and is
taught to children in school in most countries to allow society to remember the
genocide and to allow the perpetrators to be held responsible.
Technological crime:
These crimes are also known as cybercrimes as they are offenses that are
committed using the internet or other types of technologies. Examples of these
, offenses are; internet-enabled fraud, downloading illegal materials (like songs
and images), using social media to promote hate crimes.
The Victims of these crimes can be anyone who uses the internet as there is a
wide range of crimes that falls under the category of technological crimes. They
could either be large organizations or individuals meaning this crime affects
many different people and groups in society. It is often vulnerable people that
fall victim to scams like phishing which is an attempt to persuade someone to
give out personal information (like bank account numbers, passwords, and credit
card details). The level of public awareness for this crime is quite low due to the
constantly changing technological advancements – especially since the older
generation did not grow up with such technology so they are more vulnerable
and prone to being targeted for scams. Often victims of the crime will not even
know that they are being defrauded until after they check their bank accounts.
Some of the crimes under this category are deviant, like internet fraud, as they
go against the law as well as social norms. Whereas illegally downloading songs
or films would not be considered deviant as a lot of people do it so it is
normalized.
IC: Hate crime:
Hate crimes are crimes that are perceived by the victim or any other person as
being motivated by a prejudice or hate on a person's: race, religious belief,
sexual orientation, disability, or transgender. Any crime can be classed as a hate
crime if it is aggravated by a hate element. If someone was assaulted the
perpetrator would be taken to court and the court would be told of the hate
element which could then cause the punishment to be higher for the offender.
The victims of these crimes could be anyone who falls under the five strands –
stated above – or through association with someone within those five strands.
Whereas the offenders of these crimes are usually someone who holds a
prejudiced belief against anyone within the five strands or associated with.
The level of public awareness for these crimes has grown recently dues to the
high media focus. The anti-terrorism crime and security act 2001 caused the
sentencing element to increase.
Case study: Charleston Church shooting in the US was a severe hate crime. It
involved 9 black people being targeted and shot at during a prayer in 2015. The
shooter was Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white supremacist, and he plead guilty to
the 9 counts of murder.
IC: Honor crime
Honor crimes are punishments for people who have committed acts deemed to
have brought shame on their families. This could be going against the family’s
religious beliefs or just disrespecting the family by acting in a poor manner.
Examples of honor crimes are acid attacks, abductions, mutilations, beatings or
murder.
The victims of these crimes are usually young girls within the family, and it is
most commonly a daughter from an Asian community. This is because Asian
communities tend to hold more strict traditional beliefs. Likewise, the offenders
of these crimes are typically male family members (father, brother or uncle) of
the one being targeted.
The level of public awareness for this crime is quite low due to the differences in
culture. Also, within community's honor crime is seen as the appropriate
response to "shameful” behavior so not any people outside the community are
Analyse - Examine something methodically and in detail typically to
explain or interpret it.
AC1.1 Analyse different types of crime.
AC1.2. Explain the reasons why certain crimes are unreported.
White collar crime:
These are crimes that are committed by corporate (professionals or on behalf of
a company). They tend to be non-violent crimes that are committed to conceal or
deceive to obtain or avoid losing money for a business or personal advantage.
Examples of this include security fraud, embezzlement, money-laundering, tax
evasion.
Typical victims of these crimes are usually those who have funds to invest in a
finance scheme (like recently retired workers) as they are more vulnerable. The
usual offenders of these crimes are people with high respectability and high
social status meaning the victims would trust them. Offenders could also be
involved in organized crime gangs like the Mafia (Italian gang) and Triads
(Chinese gang).
These crimes have a low level of public awareness as it is affected by the media
– this is due to the under-coverage of the crimes (could be due to abuse of power
because these crimes are usually committed by the higher class ), or from the
media labelling them as "not a crime!" which could change the public's
perception. It is also difficult to prosecute as the offenders use sophisticated
means to conceal their activities and transactions. ‘Respectable’ people so there
is little suspicion aroused.
Case study: Bernie Madoff. He was an American financer who became one of the
largest fraudsters in American history. He was the mastermind of the
largest Ponzi Scheme in history which was worth around $64.8 billion. Madoff
was the founder of the Penny Stock Brokerage in 1960 which later changed into
Bernard L. Madoff investment securities; he was the company chairman for
almost 50 years. A Ponzi scheme is a form of fraud that lures investors and pays
profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors. This leads
people into a false sense of security as they think that they can trust the
investors when they cannot.
These white-collar crimes are both criminal and deviant, meaning they go
against the moral codes of society. These crimes would go unreported due to
person reasons (fear of the potential consequences as the offenders are usually
more powerful than the victim) or social reasons (this crime is complex so the
public might not understand that a crime has been committed because
transactions are hidden or carried out privately), it can also be punished through
the state (prison, court sanctions etc.)
A personal reason why white-collar crime would go unreported could be due to
someone not being affected by the crime. This is where the crime only affects
other people so therefore, they would have a lack of interests, so the crime won’t
be reported. A social and cultural reason could be the complexity of the crime.
This means that someone might not understand how the crime has happened or
how it works, meaning they won’t know that they need to report it.
Moral crimes:
,Moral Crimes are crimes because they are acts that go against the moral codes
of society and the normal standard of morality within society. This makes this
crime deviant too. Examples of these crimes are vagrancy (begging),
prostitution, underage drinking, or smoking, assisted suicide and illegal
gambling.
These crimes are considered victimless, but it can be argued that the offender
and the victim are the same person – for example, with underage drinking, the
victim and the offender are the person underage. This is because they are under
18 so they should not have been sold alcohol, but they also should know that
they should not be drinking.
The level of public awareness for this crime is quite low as these offences are
hidden from the offenders' families or are ignored by the public. This is why the
crimes will go unreported as the public may feel sympathy for the victim, so they
will not report it to the police. Many people do not know that moral crimes are a
crime like vagrancy, so they will not report it.
Society disagrees with all these crimes which makes them criminal but could also
make them deviant as they go against what is “normal.”
Case study: Diane pretty – Diane was a British woman who targeted her debates
around the laws of euthanasia. This is because she wished to peacefully end her
own life because of the pain she was suffering due to motor neuron disease. She
disliked the way she had to be looked after constantly by her husband and by
nurses. This is because it did not allow her to commit suicide by herself. She
argued that the disabled deserved to have the chance to die peacefully by
choice or else it should be considered discrimination.
State crime:
These are criminal offences that are perpetrated by, or by order of, state
agencies (like governments) in order to further their policies. These crimes often
go against the European convention of Human Rights like freedom of torture and
inhuman treatment. Examples of these crimes are genocide, war crimes, torture,
and imprisonment without trial.
The victims of state crimes are usually citizens of the country or people who
follow a different religion or political view than the government. This means they
can be oppressed easily as the government has the power. This means that the
offenders of these crimes are usually high-ranking government officials under the
order of the country’s regime. The level of public awareness of this crime is quite
high, this is because the media is quick to report events in society. The severity
of state crimes is very extreme so this means they would be reported quickly
and be covered by many different news agencies so this means that it would
reach a larger audience. For example, most people (if not all people) know about
the atrocities of the holocaust caused by Nazi leader Hitler. Also, this crime is
deviant as it goes against the moral codes of society.
Case study: During World War 2 the Nazis and their allies killed nearly two out of
every 3 European Jews. They did this through mass shootings and gas chambers
that were designed in camps specifically made to torture and abuse Jews -
including mothers and children. The total number of Jews persecuted and
murdered was close to 6 million. This atrocity was publicized to the world and is
taught to children in school in most countries to allow society to remember the
genocide and to allow the perpetrators to be held responsible.
Technological crime:
These crimes are also known as cybercrimes as they are offenses that are
committed using the internet or other types of technologies. Examples of these
, offenses are; internet-enabled fraud, downloading illegal materials (like songs
and images), using social media to promote hate crimes.
The Victims of these crimes can be anyone who uses the internet as there is a
wide range of crimes that falls under the category of technological crimes. They
could either be large organizations or individuals meaning this crime affects
many different people and groups in society. It is often vulnerable people that
fall victim to scams like phishing which is an attempt to persuade someone to
give out personal information (like bank account numbers, passwords, and credit
card details). The level of public awareness for this crime is quite low due to the
constantly changing technological advancements – especially since the older
generation did not grow up with such technology so they are more vulnerable
and prone to being targeted for scams. Often victims of the crime will not even
know that they are being defrauded until after they check their bank accounts.
Some of the crimes under this category are deviant, like internet fraud, as they
go against the law as well as social norms. Whereas illegally downloading songs
or films would not be considered deviant as a lot of people do it so it is
normalized.
IC: Hate crime:
Hate crimes are crimes that are perceived by the victim or any other person as
being motivated by a prejudice or hate on a person's: race, religious belief,
sexual orientation, disability, or transgender. Any crime can be classed as a hate
crime if it is aggravated by a hate element. If someone was assaulted the
perpetrator would be taken to court and the court would be told of the hate
element which could then cause the punishment to be higher for the offender.
The victims of these crimes could be anyone who falls under the five strands –
stated above – or through association with someone within those five strands.
Whereas the offenders of these crimes are usually someone who holds a
prejudiced belief against anyone within the five strands or associated with.
The level of public awareness for these crimes has grown recently dues to the
high media focus. The anti-terrorism crime and security act 2001 caused the
sentencing element to increase.
Case study: Charleston Church shooting in the US was a severe hate crime. It
involved 9 black people being targeted and shot at during a prayer in 2015. The
shooter was Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white supremacist, and he plead guilty to
the 9 counts of murder.
IC: Honor crime
Honor crimes are punishments for people who have committed acts deemed to
have brought shame on their families. This could be going against the family’s
religious beliefs or just disrespecting the family by acting in a poor manner.
Examples of honor crimes are acid attacks, abductions, mutilations, beatings or
murder.
The victims of these crimes are usually young girls within the family, and it is
most commonly a daughter from an Asian community. This is because Asian
communities tend to hold more strict traditional beliefs. Likewise, the offenders
of these crimes are typically male family members (father, brother or uncle) of
the one being targeted.
The level of public awareness for this crime is quite low due to the differences in
culture. Also, within community's honor crime is seen as the appropriate
response to "shameful” behavior so not any people outside the community are
