SHS 367: TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH FULL SOLUTIONS,
UPDATED 2026, SUCCESSFULLY
GRADED A+
1. Sensory Memory: The Initial Buffer
Sensory memory holds a snapshot of the world for a fraction of a second, allowing
the brain to decide what is worth paying attention to.
Iconic Memory: A brief sensory store for visual information. It lasts for
about $250-500$ milliseconds.
Echoic Memory: A brief sensory store for auditory information. This
"echo" lasts slightly longer than iconic memory (about $3-4$ seconds),
which is why you can sometimes "hear" what someone said even if you
weren't initially listening.
2. Baddeley’s Working Memory Model
Working memory is the "workbench" of the brain. Unlike passive short-term
memory, it actively manipulates information.
Central Executive: The "boss" of the system. It directs attention, suppresses
irrelevant information, and coordinates the two subsystems below.
Phonological Loop: The subsystem that processes verbal and auditory
information. It involves an "articulatory rehearsal process"—the "inner
voice" you use to repeat a phone number to yourself.
Visuo-spatial Sketchpad: The subsystem for visual and spatial
information. This allows you to mentally "rotate" an object or navigate
through a room in your mind.
3. Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Once information is encoded from working memory, it moves into long-term
storage.
, Episodic Memory: Proposed by Endel Tulving, this system stores personal
experiences and specific events (e.g., your 16th birthday or what you ate
for breakfast). It is often described as "mental time travel."
Quick Comparison: Subsystems of Working Memory
System Input Type Function
Maintains verbal info via "inner
Phonological Loop Sounds / Words
speech."
Visuo-spatial Images / Maintains mental maps and visual
Sketchpad Layouts shapes.
Decides which information to focus
Central Executive Control Signals
on.
Semantic Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves central world knowledge
Procedural Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves skill knowledge
Working Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves actively used information
Sensory Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves raw visual and auditory information
The information Procesing Model by Atkins & Shiffrin -ANSWER✔✔Sensory
Store, Working Memory, & Long-Term Memory
ANSWERS WITH FULL SOLUTIONS,
UPDATED 2026, SUCCESSFULLY
GRADED A+
1. Sensory Memory: The Initial Buffer
Sensory memory holds a snapshot of the world for a fraction of a second, allowing
the brain to decide what is worth paying attention to.
Iconic Memory: A brief sensory store for visual information. It lasts for
about $250-500$ milliseconds.
Echoic Memory: A brief sensory store for auditory information. This
"echo" lasts slightly longer than iconic memory (about $3-4$ seconds),
which is why you can sometimes "hear" what someone said even if you
weren't initially listening.
2. Baddeley’s Working Memory Model
Working memory is the "workbench" of the brain. Unlike passive short-term
memory, it actively manipulates information.
Central Executive: The "boss" of the system. It directs attention, suppresses
irrelevant information, and coordinates the two subsystems below.
Phonological Loop: The subsystem that processes verbal and auditory
information. It involves an "articulatory rehearsal process"—the "inner
voice" you use to repeat a phone number to yourself.
Visuo-spatial Sketchpad: The subsystem for visual and spatial
information. This allows you to mentally "rotate" an object or navigate
through a room in your mind.
3. Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Once information is encoded from working memory, it moves into long-term
storage.
, Episodic Memory: Proposed by Endel Tulving, this system stores personal
experiences and specific events (e.g., your 16th birthday or what you ate
for breakfast). It is often described as "mental time travel."
Quick Comparison: Subsystems of Working Memory
System Input Type Function
Maintains verbal info via "inner
Phonological Loop Sounds / Words
speech."
Visuo-spatial Images / Maintains mental maps and visual
Sketchpad Layouts shapes.
Decides which information to focus
Central Executive Control Signals
on.
Semantic Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves central world knowledge
Procedural Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves skill knowledge
Working Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves actively used information
Sensory Memory -ANSWER✔✔Tulving's Long-Term Memory system that
involves raw visual and auditory information
The information Procesing Model by Atkins & Shiffrin -ANSWER✔✔Sensory
Store, Working Memory, & Long-Term Memory
