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What are the autonomic symptoms HA perspiration, palpation, tightness of chest, mild
of anxiety? stomach discomfort, and restlessness. Look for
inability to sit or stand still


What is the difference between alert system - Anxiety is a threat that is unknown,
anxiety and fear? vague internal or confictional Where as Fear an
know threat, external, definitive non-confictional


How does anxiety affect thinking, It tends to produce confusion and distortion of
perception, and learning? perceptions; both of time and space as well as
person and meanings of events. Can interfere with
learning; lowering recall; impairing the ability to
relate one item to an other thus unable make
associations. -- anxious people will select some
items while overlooking others.


Which neurotransmitters play a role nor-epi, serotonin and gaba
in anxiety?


What areas of the brain affected by Increased size of cerebral ventricles - may be ass.
anxiety can be seen in imaging With benzo use
studies? Right temporal lobe panic DO R f-up but not L
hemisphere is
Frontal cortex - anxiety DO
Panic attacks - parahippacampal
PTSD - increased activity in the amygdale

, What are the epidemiological lifetime prevalence 1-4 percent for panic DO
characteristics of panic disorder? 6- month prevalence 1-4 for panic DO and 3-5.6
doe panic attack
Woman 3:1 Men
No diff based on race
Develops young adult hood 25 year average but
any age possible
May be under reported in kids
correlation from recent divorce or separation


What are the common comorbidity 91 % panic do have at least one other psych
conditions with panic disorder? disease
1/3 of panic DO have depression b4 onset
2/3 first experience panic do on or after first
depressive episode
15-30 % have social anxiety or social phobia
2-10 % PTSD
30 % OCD
hypochondriaism , illness anxiety do, Personality
DO and substance DO


What substances can induce panic? AKA panicongens Induce panic in pt w Panic DO
and to a lower extent the gen pop.


Respritory panicongens shift the acid base
balance: C02 5-35 %,sodium lactate, and bicarb


Neurochemical panicongens include yohimbine,
a2-aderic agonist,mCPP FLUMAZENIL caffine more


Describe what causes A hypersensitive alarm system where increasing
hyperventilation in patients with co2 and brain lactate prematurely activate the
panic disorder. physiological asphyxia monitor.

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