NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 1l –l
Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Review|l UTAl
(Latestl 2026l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l TRUEl orl FALSE:l Becausel theyl lackl al Yl chromosome,l individualsl withl Turner'sl
syndromel arel ALWAYSl female.l
Answer:
l Truel -l Al sexl chromosomel aneuploidyl withl thel presencel ofl al singlel Xl chromosomel
andl nol homologousl Xl orl Yl chromosomel resultsl inl al totall ofl 45l chromosomes.l Thisl
karyotypel isl knownl asl Turner'sl syndrome.l Thel absencel ofl al homologousl Xl orl Yl
ensuresl thel genderl ofl thel affectedl personl willl bel femalel (,l p.l 145).l
Q:l Thel mechanisml byl whichl individuall cellsl canl self-destructl asl al protectionl againstl
aberrantl celll growthl orl tissuel remodelingl isl referredl tol as:
l
1.l Cachexia
2.l Apoptosis
3.l Oxidativel Phosphorylation
4.l Metastasis
Answer:
l 2.l -l Thisl programmedl celll deathl (apoptosis)l isl al defensel mechanisml againstl alterationsl
thatl mayl leadl tol malignancyl (,l p.l 360).l
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl isl notl al hallmarkl ofl cancer?
A)l Activatingl invasionl andl metastasis
B)l Evadingl apoptosis
C)l Enablingl replicativel immortality
D)l Inabilityl tol developl newl bloodl vessels
Answer:
lD
Cancerl cellsl arel capablel ofl developingl newl bloodl cellsl angiogenesis.l Thel sixl hallmarksl
ofl cancerl arel activatingl invasionl andl metastasis,l resistingl celll death,l inducingl
,angiogenesis,l enablingl replicativel immortality,l evadingl growthl suppressors,l andl sustainingl
proliferativel signaling.l
Q:l Sodiuml levell ofl 129l mEq/Ll canl bel correctedl byl thel followingl measuresl except
A)Infusionl ofl hypertonicl saline
B)l Fluidl restriction
C)l Administeringl saltl tablets
D)l Increasedl fluidl consumption
Answer:
l Dl
Increasedl fluidl consumptionl willl causel morel sodiuml lossl andl leadl tol severel
hyponatremia.l
Q:l Whichl isl followingl isl notl truel ofl X-linkedl recessivel diseases
A)l Traitsl canl onlyl bel passedl froml fathersl tol daughters
B)l X-linkedl recessivel disordersl arel morel commonl inl females
C)l Itl cannotl bel passedl froml fathersl tol sons
D)l Hemophilial Al andl Bl arel examplesl ofl X-linkedl recessivel disorders
Answer:
lB
X-linkedl recessivel disordersl arel morel commonl inl malesl becausel theyl carryl onlyl onel X-
chromosomes.l
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl isl notl al criterial neededl tol diagnosel DKA,l accordingl tol
thel Americanl Diabetesl Association?l
A.l seruml glucosel levell >250mg/dL
B.l seruml bicarbonatel levell <18
C.l Kussmaull respirations
D.l seruml pH<7.l 30
E.l presencel ofl anionl gap
F.l presencel ofl urinel andl seruml ketones
Answer:C
"Thel Americanl Diabetesl Associationl criterial forl thel diagnosisl ofl DKAl arel (1)l al seruml
glucosel levell >250l mg/dL,l (2)l al seruml bicarbonatel levell <18,l (3)l al seruml pHl <7.l 30,l
(4)l thel presencel ofl anl anionl gap,l andl (5)l thel presencel ofl urinel andl seruml ketonesl (,l
p.l 694).l "
Q:l Thel functionl ofl ATPl isl tol storel energy.l Truel orl False
,Answer:
l False
"Thel functionl ofl ATPl isl notl onlyl tol storel energyl butl alsol tol transferl itl froml onel
moleculel tol anotherl (,l p.l 24).l "
Q:l Whenl treatingl DKAl withl insulinl whatl electrolytel imbalancel wouldl youl wantl tol
monitorl closely?
A.l Hyponatremia
B.l Hyperkalemia
C.l Hypokalemia
D.l Hypercalcemia
Answer:C
"Potassiuml movesl withl insulinl intol thel celll andl canl contributel tol hypokalemia.l Volumel
statusl andl seruml electrolyte,l particularlyl potassium,l shouldl bel monitoredl closelyl (,l p.l
694).l "
Q:l Alll ofl thel followingl canl leadl tol hyperkalemial except:
l 1.l al patientl inl diabeticl ketoacidosis
2.l al patientl withl diarrhea
3.l al patientl takingl anl ACEl inhibitor
4.l al patientl withl renall failure
Answer:
2
l
"Lossesl ofl K+l froml bodyl storesl arel mostl commonlyl causedl byl gastrointestinall andl
renall disorders"l accordingl tol Brashersl andl Rotel (,l p.l 115).l "Withl diarrhea,l fluidl andl
electrolytel lossesl canl bel voluminous,l withl severall litersl ofl fluidl andl 100l tol 200l mEql
ofl K+l lostl perl day"l (,l p.l 115).l
Q:l Truel orl false:l Paraneoplasticl syndromel isl al multiorganl describedl asl anl energyl
imbalancel disorderl inl whichl energyl intakel isl decreasedl andl energyl expenditurel isl
decreased.l
Answer:
l false
l
Thel definitionl suppliedl definesl cachexia.l Paraneoplasticl syndromel refersl tol "symptoml
complexesl thatl arel triggeredl byl al cancerl butl arel notl causedl byl directl locall effectsl ofl
thel tumorl mass"l (,l p.l 366).l
, Q:l Systemicl manifestationsl ofl cellularl injuryl includel alll ofl thel followingl except:
A.l Pain
B.l Increasel inl leukocytes
C.l Presencel ofl Lactate
D.l Reducedl bodyl temperature
Answer:
lD
l
Cellularl injuryl resultsl inl feverl froml thel "releasel ofl endogenousl pyrogensl froml bacterial
orl macrophagesl duringl anl acutel inflammatoryl response"l (,l p.l 88).l
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl isl truel aboutl thel RAASl system?
a.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel lungsl andl endsl withl thel activationl ofl
Aldosterone
b.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel kidneysl andl endsl withl thel productionl ofl ADH
c.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel kidneysl andl endsl withl thel productionl ofl
Aldosterone
d.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel lungsl andl endsl withl thel productionl ofl ADH
Answer:
Ans:l C.l Whenl circulatingl bloodl pressurel andl renall bloodl flow,l orl seruml sodiuml
concentrations,l arel reduced,l renin,l anl enzymel secretedl byl thel juxtaglomerularl cellsl ofl
thel kidney,l isl released.l Reninl stimulatesl thel formationl ofl angiotensinl I,l anl inactivel
polypeptide.l Angiotensin-convertingl Enzymel (ACE)l inl pulmonaryl vesselsl convertsl
Angiotensinl Il tol Angiotensinl II.l Angiotensinl IIl causesl vasoconstriction,l whichl elevatesl
systemicl bloodl pressure,l andl stimulatesl thel secretionl ofl aldosterone.l (,l p.l 109)
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl arel associatedl withl Klinefelter's?
a.l Widel spacedl nipples
b.l Smalll testes
c.l Shortl statue
d.l Gynecomastia
e.l Havel al malel appearance
Answer:
ANS:l b,l d,l e
Becausel ofl thel Yl chromosomel individualsl havel al malel appearance,l butl theyl arel usuallyl
sterile,l andl aboutl halfl ofl developl female-likel breastsl (al conditionl calledl gynecomastia).l
Testesl arel small,l bodyl hairl isl sparse,l thel voicel isl oftenl somewhatl highl pitched,l staturel
isl elevated,l andl al moderatel amountl mentall impairmentl mayl bel present.l (,l p.l 145)
Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Review|l UTAl
(Latestl 2026l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l TRUEl orl FALSE:l Becausel theyl lackl al Yl chromosome,l individualsl withl Turner'sl
syndromel arel ALWAYSl female.l
Answer:
l Truel -l Al sexl chromosomel aneuploidyl withl thel presencel ofl al singlel Xl chromosomel
andl nol homologousl Xl orl Yl chromosomel resultsl inl al totall ofl 45l chromosomes.l Thisl
karyotypel isl knownl asl Turner'sl syndrome.l Thel absencel ofl al homologousl Xl orl Yl
ensuresl thel genderl ofl thel affectedl personl willl bel femalel (,l p.l 145).l
Q:l Thel mechanisml byl whichl individuall cellsl canl self-destructl asl al protectionl againstl
aberrantl celll growthl orl tissuel remodelingl isl referredl tol as:
l
1.l Cachexia
2.l Apoptosis
3.l Oxidativel Phosphorylation
4.l Metastasis
Answer:
l 2.l -l Thisl programmedl celll deathl (apoptosis)l isl al defensel mechanisml againstl alterationsl
thatl mayl leadl tol malignancyl (,l p.l 360).l
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl isl notl al hallmarkl ofl cancer?
A)l Activatingl invasionl andl metastasis
B)l Evadingl apoptosis
C)l Enablingl replicativel immortality
D)l Inabilityl tol developl newl bloodl vessels
Answer:
lD
Cancerl cellsl arel capablel ofl developingl newl bloodl cellsl angiogenesis.l Thel sixl hallmarksl
ofl cancerl arel activatingl invasionl andl metastasis,l resistingl celll death,l inducingl
,angiogenesis,l enablingl replicativel immortality,l evadingl growthl suppressors,l andl sustainingl
proliferativel signaling.l
Q:l Sodiuml levell ofl 129l mEq/Ll canl bel correctedl byl thel followingl measuresl except
A)Infusionl ofl hypertonicl saline
B)l Fluidl restriction
C)l Administeringl saltl tablets
D)l Increasedl fluidl consumption
Answer:
l Dl
Increasedl fluidl consumptionl willl causel morel sodiuml lossl andl leadl tol severel
hyponatremia.l
Q:l Whichl isl followingl isl notl truel ofl X-linkedl recessivel diseases
A)l Traitsl canl onlyl bel passedl froml fathersl tol daughters
B)l X-linkedl recessivel disordersl arel morel commonl inl females
C)l Itl cannotl bel passedl froml fathersl tol sons
D)l Hemophilial Al andl Bl arel examplesl ofl X-linkedl recessivel disorders
Answer:
lB
X-linkedl recessivel disordersl arel morel commonl inl malesl becausel theyl carryl onlyl onel X-
chromosomes.l
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl isl notl al criterial neededl tol diagnosel DKA,l accordingl tol
thel Americanl Diabetesl Association?l
A.l seruml glucosel levell >250mg/dL
B.l seruml bicarbonatel levell <18
C.l Kussmaull respirations
D.l seruml pH<7.l 30
E.l presencel ofl anionl gap
F.l presencel ofl urinel andl seruml ketones
Answer:C
"Thel Americanl Diabetesl Associationl criterial forl thel diagnosisl ofl DKAl arel (1)l al seruml
glucosel levell >250l mg/dL,l (2)l al seruml bicarbonatel levell <18,l (3)l al seruml pHl <7.l 30,l
(4)l thel presencel ofl anl anionl gap,l andl (5)l thel presencel ofl urinel andl seruml ketonesl (,l
p.l 694).l "
Q:l Thel functionl ofl ATPl isl tol storel energy.l Truel orl False
,Answer:
l False
"Thel functionl ofl ATPl isl notl onlyl tol storel energyl butl alsol tol transferl itl froml onel
moleculel tol anotherl (,l p.l 24).l "
Q:l Whenl treatingl DKAl withl insulinl whatl electrolytel imbalancel wouldl youl wantl tol
monitorl closely?
A.l Hyponatremia
B.l Hyperkalemia
C.l Hypokalemia
D.l Hypercalcemia
Answer:C
"Potassiuml movesl withl insulinl intol thel celll andl canl contributel tol hypokalemia.l Volumel
statusl andl seruml electrolyte,l particularlyl potassium,l shouldl bel monitoredl closelyl (,l p.l
694).l "
Q:l Alll ofl thel followingl canl leadl tol hyperkalemial except:
l 1.l al patientl inl diabeticl ketoacidosis
2.l al patientl withl diarrhea
3.l al patientl takingl anl ACEl inhibitor
4.l al patientl withl renall failure
Answer:
2
l
"Lossesl ofl K+l froml bodyl storesl arel mostl commonlyl causedl byl gastrointestinall andl
renall disorders"l accordingl tol Brashersl andl Rotel (,l p.l 115).l "Withl diarrhea,l fluidl andl
electrolytel lossesl canl bel voluminous,l withl severall litersl ofl fluidl andl 100l tol 200l mEql
ofl K+l lostl perl day"l (,l p.l 115).l
Q:l Truel orl false:l Paraneoplasticl syndromel isl al multiorganl describedl asl anl energyl
imbalancel disorderl inl whichl energyl intakel isl decreasedl andl energyl expenditurel isl
decreased.l
Answer:
l false
l
Thel definitionl suppliedl definesl cachexia.l Paraneoplasticl syndromel refersl tol "symptoml
complexesl thatl arel triggeredl byl al cancerl butl arel notl causedl byl directl locall effectsl ofl
thel tumorl mass"l (,l p.l 366).l
, Q:l Systemicl manifestationsl ofl cellularl injuryl includel alll ofl thel followingl except:
A.l Pain
B.l Increasel inl leukocytes
C.l Presencel ofl Lactate
D.l Reducedl bodyl temperature
Answer:
lD
l
Cellularl injuryl resultsl inl feverl froml thel "releasel ofl endogenousl pyrogensl froml bacterial
orl macrophagesl duringl anl acutel inflammatoryl response"l (,l p.l 88).l
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl isl truel aboutl thel RAASl system?
a.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel lungsl andl endsl withl thel activationl ofl
Aldosterone
b.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel kidneysl andl endsl withl thel productionl ofl ADH
c.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel kidneysl andl endsl withl thel productionl ofl
Aldosterone
d.l Thel RAASl systeml isl startedl byl thel lungsl andl endsl withl thel productionl ofl ADH
Answer:
Ans:l C.l Whenl circulatingl bloodl pressurel andl renall bloodl flow,l orl seruml sodiuml
concentrations,l arel reduced,l renin,l anl enzymel secretedl byl thel juxtaglomerularl cellsl ofl
thel kidney,l isl released.l Reninl stimulatesl thel formationl ofl angiotensinl I,l anl inactivel
polypeptide.l Angiotensin-convertingl Enzymel (ACE)l inl pulmonaryl vesselsl convertsl
Angiotensinl Il tol Angiotensinl II.l Angiotensinl IIl causesl vasoconstriction,l whichl elevatesl
systemicl bloodl pressure,l andl stimulatesl thel secretionl ofl aldosterone.l (,l p.l 109)
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl arel associatedl withl Klinefelter's?
a.l Widel spacedl nipples
b.l Smalll testes
c.l Shortl statue
d.l Gynecomastia
e.l Havel al malel appearance
Answer:
ANS:l b,l d,l e
Becausel ofl thel Yl chromosomel individualsl havel al malel appearance,l butl theyl arel usuallyl
sterile,l andl aboutl halfl ofl developl female-likel breastsl (al conditionl calledl gynecomastia).l
Testesl arel small,l bodyl hairl isl sparse,l thel voicel isl oftenl somewhatl highl pitched,l staturel
isl elevated,l andl al moderatel amountl mentall impairmentl mayl bel present.l (,l p.l 145)
