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NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 3 – Advanced Pathophysiology Review| UTA (Latest 2026 Update) 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A

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NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 3 – Advanced Pathophysiology Review| UTA (Latest 2026 Update) 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A QUESTION Which process is responsible for slowing the heart rate? a. Sympathetic excitation b. Parasympathetic excitation c. Bainbridge reflex d. Baroreceptor reflex Answer: b. Parasympathetic excitation The parasympathetic excitation slows the heart rate and is often referred to as the cardioinhibitory center. The sympathetic stimulation is often called the cardioexcitation center because the heart rate increases. The Bainbridge reflex causes the heart rate to increase after intravenous infusions of blood or fluid. The baroreceptor reflex facilitates blood pressure changes and heart rate changes. QUESTION Which factors determine cardiac output? a. Parasympathetic and sympathetic activity b. Preload and afterload c. Heart rate and stroke volume d. Right and left atrial pressure Answer: c. Heart rate and stroke volume Cardiac output is directly related to the heart rate and stroke volume. Changes in either variable affect the cardiac output. Preload is the pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (end-diastolic volume). Afterload is the resistance or impedance to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle. Although the parasympathetic stimulation has a bradycardic effect and sympathetic nervous system increases the frequency of the cardiac pacemaker and may influence cardiac output, these factors are not used in the cardiac output formula; neither are atrial pressures. QUESTION Which statement is true regarding the thoracic duct? a. The thoracic duct is the major source of venous return to the heart. b. The thoracic duct receives lymph from most of the body. c. The thoracic duct receives lymph from the right arm, head, and thorax. d. Blood is dumped into the right atrium through the thoracic duct. Answer: b. The thoracic duct receives lymph from most of the body. Lymph is primarily water and small amounts of protein. It is reabsorbed through the lymph nodes and delivered to either the right lymphatic duct (lymph from right arm, head, and thorax) or the thoracic duct (rest of the body). These structures, in turn, dump the lymph into the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava (major sources of venous return to the heart), which conduct blood to the right atrium. QUESTION Which are the functions of the pericardial sac? (Select all that apply. ) a. Prevents displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration b. Physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation c. Forms a lining that is continuous with the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body d. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that affect blood pressure e. Creates a continuous closed circulatory system Answer: a. Prevents displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration b. Physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation d. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that affect blood pressure Functions of the pericardial sac are: (1) to prevent the displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration, (2) to provide a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the lungs and pleural space, and (3) to provide pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart rate. The endocardium is the lining that is continuous with the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body and creates a continuous closed circulatory system. QUESTION Which term describes an occlusion in a blood vessel caused by a bolus of circulating matter in the bloodstream? a. Thrombus b. Embolus c. Thrombophlebitis d. Foam cell Answer: b. Embolus An embolus is a bolus of matter that is circulating in the blood. A thrombus is a blood clot that remains attached to the vessel wall. Thrombophlebitis is the inflammation caused by a thrombus. Foam cells are lipid-laden cells that contribute to fatty streaks. QUESTION Cyanosis, followed by rubor and paraesthesias in the digits, are associated with which condition? a. Raynaud phenomenon or disease b. Thromboangiitis obliterans c. Atherosclerosis d. Varicose veins Answer: a. Raynaud phenomenon or disease Attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes, characterize Raynaud phenomenon and Raynaud disease. Symptoms include cold and numb digits. Thromboangiitis obliterans, an inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries, tends to occur in young men who are heavy smokers. Arteries occlude in the feet and hands. The chief symptoms of thromboangiitis obliterans are pain and tenderness of the affected part. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and is the major cause of coronary artery disease and stroke. A varicose vein is a superficial vein in which blood has pooled.

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NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 3l –l
Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Review|l UTAl
(Latestl 2026l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A

Q:l Whichl processl isl responsiblel forl slowingl thel heartl rate?
a.l Sympatheticl excitation
b.l Parasympatheticl excitation
c.l Bainbridgel reflex
d.l Baroreceptorl reflex

Answer:
b.l Parasympatheticl excitation

Thel parasympatheticl excitationl slowsl thel heartl ratel andl isl oftenl referredl tol asl thel
cardioinhibitoryl center.l Thel sympatheticl stimulationl isl oftenl calledl thel cardioexcitationl
centerl becausel thel heartl ratel increases.l Thel Bainbridgel reflexl causesl thel heartl ratel tol
increasel afterl intravenousl infusionsl ofl bloodl orl fluid.l Thel baroreceptorl reflexl facilitatesl
bloodl pressurel changesl andl heartl ratel changes.l



Q:l Whichl factorsl determinel cardiacl output?
a.l Parasympatheticl andl sympatheticl activity
b.l Preloadl andl afterload
c.l Heartl ratel andl strokel volume
d.l Rightl andl leftl atriall pressure

Answer:
c.l Heartl ratel andl strokel volume

Cardiacl outputl isl directlyl relatedl tol thel heartl ratel andl strokel volume.l Changesl inl eitherl
variablel affectl thel cardiacl output.l Preloadl isl thel pressurel generatedl inl thel leftl ventriclel
atl thel endl ofl diastolel (end-diastolicl volume).l Afterloadl isl thel resistancel orl impedancel
tol thel ejectionl ofl bloodl froml thel leftl ventricle.l Althoughl thel parasympatheticl

,stimulationl hasl al bradycardicl effectl andl sympatheticl nervousl systeml increasesl thel
frequencyl ofl thel cardiacl pacemakerl andl mayl influencel cardiacl output,l thesel factorsl arel
notl usedl inl thel cardiacl outputl formula;l neitherl arel atriall pressures.l



Q:l Whichl statementl isl truel regardingl thel thoracicl duct?
a.l Thel thoracicl ductl isl thel majorl sourcel ofl venousl returnl tol thel heart.l
b.l Thel thoracicl ductl receivesl lymphl froml mostl ofl thel body.l
c.l Thel thoracicl ductl receivesl lymphl froml thel rightl arm,l head,l andl thorax.l
d.l Bloodl isl dumpedl intol thel rightl atriuml throughl thel thoracicl duct.l

Answer:
b.l Thel thoracicl ductl receivesl lymphl froml mostl ofl thel body.l
Lymphl isl primarilyl waterl andl smalll amountsl ofl protein.l Itl isl reabsorbedl throughl thel
lymphl nodesl andl deliveredl tol eitherl thel rightl lymphaticl ductl (lymphl froml rightl arm,l
head,l andl thorax)l orl thel thoracicl ductl (restl ofl thel body).l Thesel structures,l inl turn,l
dumpl thel lymphl intol thel inferiorl venal caval andl superiorl venal caval (majorl sourcesl ofl
venousl returnl tol thel heart),l whichl conductl bloodl tol thel rightl atrium.l



Q:l Whichl arel thel functionsl ofl thel pericardiall sac?l (Selectl alll thatl apply.l )
a.l Preventsl displacementl ofl thel heartl duringl gravitationall accelerationl orl deceleration
b.l Physicall barrierl thatl protectsl thel heartl againstl infectionl andl inflammation
c.l Formsl al liningl thatl isl continuousl withl thel arteries,l veins,l andl capillariesl ofl thel body
d.l Containsl painl receptorsl andl mechanoreceptorsl thatl affectl bloodl pressure
e.l Createsl al continuousl closedl circulatoryl system

Answer:
a.l Preventsl displacementl ofl thel heartl duringl gravitationall accelerationl orl deceleration
b.l Physicall barrierl thatl protectsl thel heartl againstl infectionl andl inflammation
d.l Containsl painl receptorsl andl mechanoreceptorsl thatl affectl bloodl pressure

Functionsl ofl thel pericardiall sacl are:l (1)l tol preventl thel displacementl ofl thel heartl duringl
gravitationall accelerationl orl deceleration,l (2)l tol providel al physicall barrierl thatl protectsl
thel heartl againstl infectionl andl inflammationl froml thel lungsl andl pleurall space,l andl (3)l
tol providel painl receptorsl andl mechanoreceptorsl thatl canl elicitl reflexl changesl inl bloodl
pressurel andl heartl rate.l Thel endocardiuml isl thel liningl thatl isl continuousl withl thel
arteries,l veins,l andl capillariesl ofl thel bodyl andl createsl al continuousl closedl circulatoryl
system.l

,Q:l Whichl terml describesl anl occlusionl inl al bloodl vessell causedl byl al bolusl ofl
circulatingl matterl inl thel bloodstream?
a.l Thrombus
b.l Embolus
c.l Thrombophlebitis
d.l Foaml cell

Answer:
b.l Embolus

Anl embolusl isl al bolusl ofl matterl thatl isl circulatingl inl thel blood.l Al thrombusl isl al
bloodl clotl thatl remainsl attachedl tol thel vessell wall.l Thrombophlebitisl isl thel
inflammationl causedl byl al thrombus.l Foaml cellsl arel lipid-ladenl cellsl thatl contributel tol
fattyl streaks.l



Q:l Cyanosis,l followedl byl ruborl andl paraesthesiasl inl thel digits,l arel associatedl withl
whichl condition?
a.l Raynaudl phenomenonl orl disease
b.l Thromboangiitisl obliterans
c.l Atherosclerosis
d.l Varicosel veins

Answer:
a.l Raynaudl phenomenonl orl disease

Attacksl ofl vasospasml inl thel smalll arteriesl andl arteriolesl ofl thel fingersl and,l lessl
commonly,l ofl thel toes,l characterizel Raynaudl phenomenonl andl Raynaudl disease.l
Symptomsl includel coldl andl numbl digits.l Thromboangiitisl obliterans,l anl inflammatoryl
diseasel ofl thel peripherall arteries,l tendsl tol occurl inl youngl menl whol arel heavyl smokers.l
Arteriesl occludel inl thel feetl andl hands.l Thel chiefl symptomsl ofl thromboangiitisl
obliteransl arel painl andl tendernessl ofl thel affectedl part.l Atherosclerosisl isl anl
inflammatoryl diseasel andl isl thel majorl causel ofl coronaryl arteryl diseasel andl stroke.l Al
varicosel veinl isl al superficiall veinl inl whichl bloodl hasl pooled.l

, Q:l Whichl terml isl usedl tol identifyl elevatedl systolicl pressurel accompaniedl byl normall
diastolicl pressurel (lessl thanl 90l mmHg)?
a.l Primaryl hypertension
b.l Secondaryl hypertension
c.l Stagel 2l hypertension
d.l Isolatedl systolicl hypertension

Answer:
d.l Isolatedl systolicl hypertension

Isolatedl systolicl hypertensionl isl anl elevatedl systolicl pressurel withl al normall diastolicl
pressure.l Primaryl hypertensionl isl thel resultl ofl extremelyl complicatedl interactionsl ofl
geneticsl andl thel environment,l mediatedl byl al hostl ofl neurohumorall effects.l Alteredl
hemodynamics,l associatedl withl al primaryl disease,l causel secondaryl hypertension.l Stagel 2l
hypertensionl isl systolicl pressurel equall tol orl greaterl thanl 160l mmHgl andl diastolicl
pressurel equall tol orl greaterl thanl 100l mmHg.l



Q:l Whichl conditionl isl al complicationl ofl hypertension?
a.l Cardiovascularl musclel atrophy
b.l Hypoglycemia
c.l Congestivel heartl failure
d.l Neuropathy

Answer:
c.l Congestivel heartl failure

Cardiovascularl complicationsl includel leftl ventricularl hypertrophy,l anginal pectoris,l
congestivel heartl failurel (leftl heartl failure),l coronaryl arteryl disease,l myocardiall infarctionl
(MI),l andl suddenl death.l



Q:l Al womanl withl chestl painl thatl occursl atl restl isl diagnosedl asl havingl abnormall
vasospasml ofl herl coronaryl arteries.l Thesel symptomsl supportl whichl medicall diagnosis?
a.l Stablel angina
b.l Prinzmetall angina
c.l Silentl ischemia
d.l Anginal pectoris

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