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NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 4 – Advanced Pathophysiology Review| UTA (Latest 2026 Update) 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A

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NURS 5315/ NURS5315 Exam 4 – Advanced Pathophysiology Review| UTA (Latest 2026 Update) 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A QUESTION Which is involved in pain transmission? a. Posterior horn b. Substantia gelatinosa c. Anterior horn d. Dorsal root ganglia Answer: b. Substantia gelatinosa The substantia gelatinosa is a structure involved in pain transmission. The posterior horn (dorsal horn) is primarily composed of interneurons and axons from sensory neurons. The anterior or ventral horn contains nerve cell bodies for efferent pathways leaving the spinal cord. The dorsal root ganglion is part of the sensory ganglion. QUESTION Which statement is true regarding a subdural hematoma? a. It is a collection of blood between the dura and arachnoid. b. It occurs as a result of the disruption of an artery. c. It is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura. d. It produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Answer: a. It is a collection of blood between the dura and arachnoid. A subdural hematoma is a collection of venous blood between the dura and the arachnoid. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura that involves an arterial bleed. The pia mater closely adheres to the brain. The choroid plexuses produce CSF. QUESTION Which is an arterial bleed from the blood vessels that lie within the grooves of the skull? a. Subdural b. Epidural c. Subarachnoid d. Lumbar cisterna Answer: b. Epidural An epidural hematoma develops from an arterial bleed of blood vessels that lie within the grooves in the skull. A subdural hematoma is a collection of venous blood between the dura and the arachnoid. A subarachnoid bleed occurs within the subarachnoid space, which is between the brain and tissues that cover the brain. CSF, contained within the subarachnoid space, circulates down to the large lumbar cistern, which extends from the second lumbar vertebra to the second sacral vertebra. Cisterns are expanded areas of the subarachnoid space. QUESTION Which statements are true regarding epinephrine? (Select all that apply. ) a. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release epinephrine. b. Dopamine is the precursor of epinephrine. c. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation. d. The action of epinephrine is the same no matter which receptor it binds. Answer: b. Dopamine is the precursor of epinephrine. c. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation. Dopamine is the precursor of both epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation because of the predominance of β-adrenergic receptors in the muscle vasculature. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers release epinephrine. Epinephrine varies with the type of neuroreceptor stimulated. QUESTION Vomiting is a result of a central nervous system (CNS) injury caused by which of the following? a. Impingement directly on the floor of the third ventricle b. Decrease in intracranial pressure c. Involvement of the vestibular nuclei d. Decompression of the brainstem Answer: c. Involvement of the vestibular nuclei Vomiting that is associated with CNS injuries involves the vestibular nuclei or its immediate projections. Vomiting can be caused by an impingement on the fourth ventricle. It can also be the result of brainstem compression from an increase in intracranial pressure. QUESTION Which criterion is not used when determining brain death? a. Unresponsive coma b. No spontaneous respiration c. Isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG) d. Ocular response to head turning Answer: d. Ocular response to head turning With brain death, ocular response to head turning does not occur and pupils are often fixed and dilated. The following criteria determine brain death: Completion of all appropriate and therapeutic procedures with no possibility of brain function recovery Unresponsive coma: absence of motor and reflex movements No spontaneous respirations (apnea): partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood (PaCO2) rises above 60 mmHg without breathing efforts, providing evidence of a nonfunctioning respiratory center (apnea challenge) No brainstem function: no ocular responses to head turning or caloric stimulation; dilated, fixed pupils; no gag or corneal reflex Isoelectric (flat) EEG: electrocerebral silence Persistence of these signs for an appropriate period of observation QUESTION A woman has sustained a traumatic brain injury. She is able to follow simple commands and can manipulate objects. Which term describes this state? a. Coma b. Vegetative c. Minimally conscious d. Locked-in syndrome Answer: c. Minimally conscious The term minimally conscious applies to a severely altered consciousness during which the person demonstrates minimal but defined behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness. The clinical features include following simple commands, manipulating objects, gestural or verbal yes and no responses, intelligible verbalization, and stereotypical movements. Coma is a state of unarousable neurobehavioral unresponsiveness. A vegetative state is the complete unawareness of self or the surrounding environment and a complete loss of cognitive function. Locked-in syndrome describes an individual who has the content of thought and the level of arousal intact. However, the efferent pathways are disrupted, which means the individual cannot communicate through speech or body movement. QUESTION A person experiences a unilateral, partial seizure and maintains consciousness. Which term is appropriate to describe this type of seizure? a. Generalized b. Focal c. Febrile d. Status epilepticus Answer: b. Focal Focal (partial) seizures only involve neurons unilaterally. They often have a local (focal) onset. Consciousness may be maintained. In generalized seizures, consciousness is almost always impaired or lost. Febrile seizure occurs in children younger than 6 years who experience a high fever. Status epilepticus is the experience of recurring seizure activity in which recovery is incomplete. Seizure activity can last 30 minutes or more.

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NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 4l –l
Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Review|l UTAl
(Latestl 2026l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Whichl isl involvedl inl painl transmission?
a.l Posteriorl horn
b.l Substantial gelatinosa
c.l Anteriorl horn
d.l Dorsall rootl ganglia

Answer:
b.l Substantial gelatinosa

Thel substantial gelatinosal isl al structurel involvedl inl painl transmission.l Thel posteriorl
hornl (dorsall horn)l isl primarilyl composedl ofl interneuronsl andl axonsl froml sensoryl
neurons.l Thel anteriorl orl ventrall hornl containsl nervel celll bodiesl forl efferentl pathwaysl
leavingl thel spinall cord.l Thel dorsall rootl ganglionl isl partl ofl thel sensoryl ganglion.l



Q:l Whichl statementl isl truel regardingl al subdurall hematoma?
a.l Itl isl al collectionl ofl bloodl betweenl thel dural andl arachnoid.l
b.l Itl occursl asl al resultl ofl thel disruptionl ofl anl artery.l
c.l Itl isl al collectionl ofl bloodl betweenl thel skulll andl thel dura.l
d.l Itl producesl cerebrospinall fluidl (CSF).l

Answer:
a.l Itl isl al collectionl ofl bloodl betweenl thel dural andl arachnoid.l

Al subdurall hematomal isl al collectionl ofl venousl bloodl betweenl thel dural andl thel
arachnoid.l Anl epidurall hematomal isl al collectionl ofl bloodl betweenl thel skulll andl thel
dural thatl involvesl anl arteriall bleed.l Thel pial materl closelyl adheresl tol thel brain.l Thel
choroidl plexusesl producel CSF.l

,Q:l Whichl isl anl arteriall bleedl froml thel bloodl vesselsl thatl liel withinl thel groovesl ofl
thel skull?
a.l Subdural
b.l Epidural
c.l Subarachnoid
d.l Lumbarl cisterna

Answer:
b.l Epidural

Anl epidurall hematomal developsl froml anl arteriall bleedl ofl bloodl vesselsl thatl liel withinl
thel groovesl inl thel skull.l Al subdurall hematomal isl al collectionl ofl venousl bloodl betweenl
thel dural andl thel arachnoid.l Al subarachnoidl bleedl occursl withinl thel subarachnoidl space,l
whichl isl betweenl thel brainl andl tissuesl thatl coverl thel brain.l CSF,l containedl withinl thel
subarachnoidl space,l circulatesl downl tol thel largel lumbarl cistern,l whichl extendsl froml thel
secondl lumbarl vertebral tol thel secondl sacrall vertebra.l Cisternsl arel expandedl areasl ofl
thel subarachnoidl space.l



Q:l Whichl statementsl arel truel regardingl epinephrine?l (Selectl alll thatl apply.l )
a.l Parasympatheticl preganglionicl fibersl releasel epinephrine.l
b.l Dopaminel isl thel precursorl ofl epinephrine.l
c.l Epinephrinel inducesl generall vasodilation.l
d.l Thel actionl ofl epinephrinel isl thel samel nol matterl whichl receptorl itl binds.l

Answer:
b.l Dopaminel isl thel precursorl ofl epinephrine.l
c.l Epinephrinel inducesl generall vasodilation.l

Dopaminel isl thel precursorl ofl bothl epinephrinel andl norepinephrine.l Epinephrinel inducesl
generall vasodilationl becausel ofl thel predominancel ofl β-adrenergicl receptorsl inl thel
musclel vasculature.l Preganglionicl sympatheticl fibersl releasel epinephrine.l Epinephrinel
variesl withl thel typel ofl neuroreceptorl stimulated.l



Q:l Vomitingl isl al resultl ofl al centrall nervousl systeml (CNS)l injuryl causedl byl whichl
ofl thel following?
a.l Impingementl directlyl onl thel floorl ofl thel thirdl ventricle
b.l Decreasel inl intracraniall pressure

,c.l Involvementl ofl thel vestibularl nuclei
d.l Decompressionl ofl thel brainstem

Answer:
c.l Involvementl ofl thel vestibularl nuclei

Vomitingl thatl isl associatedl withl CNSl injuriesl involvesl thel vestibularl nucleil orl itsl
immediatel projections.l Vomitingl canl bel causedl byl anl impingementl onl thel fourthl
ventricle.l Itl canl alsol bel thel resultl ofl brainsteml compressionl froml anl increasel inl
intracraniall pressure.l



Q:l Whichl criterionl isl notl usedl whenl determiningl brainl death?
a.l Unresponsivel coma
b.l Nol spontaneousl respiration
c.l Isoelectricl electroencephalograml (EEG)
d.l Ocularl responsel tol headl turning

Answer:
d.l Ocularl responsel tol headl turning

Withl brainl death,l ocularl responsel tol headl turningl doesl notl occurl andl pupilsl arel oftenl
fixedl andl dilated.l Thel followingl criterial determinel brainl death:
Completionl ofl alll appropriatel andl therapeuticl proceduresl withl nol possibilityl ofl brainl
functionl recovery
Unresponsivel coma:l absencel ofl motorl andl reflexl movements
Nol spontaneousl respirationsl (apnea):l partiall pressurel ofl carbonl dioxidel inl thel arteriall
bloodl (PaCO2)l risesl abovel 60l mmHgl withoutl breathingl efforts,l providingl evidencel ofl al
nonfunctioningl respiratoryl centerl (apneal challenge)
Nol brainsteml function:l nol ocularl responsesl tol headl turningl orl caloricl stimulation;l
dilated,l fixedl pupils;l nol gagl orl corneall reflex
Isoelectricl (flat)l EEG:l electrocerebrall silence
Persistencel ofl thesel signsl forl anl appropriatel periodl ofl observation



Q:l Al womanl hasl sustainedl al traumaticl brainl injury.l Shel isl ablel tol followl simplel
commandsl andl canl manipulatel objects.l Whichl terml describesl thisl state?
a.l Coma
b.l Vegetative

, c.l Minimallyl conscious
d.l Locked-inl syndrome

Answer:
c.l Minimallyl conscious

Thel terml minimallyl consciousl appliesl tol al severelyl alteredl consciousnessl duringl whichl
thel personl demonstratesl minimall butl definedl behaviorall evidencel ofl selfl orl
environmentall awareness.l Thel clinicall featuresl includel followingl simplel commands,l
manipulatingl objects,l gesturall orl verball yesl andl nol responses,l intelligiblel verbalization,l
andl stereotypicall movements.l Comal isl al statel ofl unarousablel neurobehaviorall
unresponsiveness.l Al vegetativel statel isl thel completel unawarenessl ofl selfl orl thel
surroundingl environmentl andl al completel lossl ofl cognitivel function.l Locked-inl syndromel
describesl anl individuall whol hasl thel contentl ofl thoughtl andl thel levell ofl arousall intact.l
However,l thel efferentl pathwaysl arel disrupted,l whichl meansl thel individuall cannotl
communicatel throughl speechl orl bodyl movement.l



Q:l Al personl experiencesl al unilateral,l partiall seizurel andl maintainsl consciousness.l
Whichl terml isl appropriatel tol describel thisl typel ofl seizure?
a.l Generalized
b.l Focal
c.l Febrile
d.l Statusl epilepticus

Answer:
b.l Focal

Focall (partial)l seizuresl onlyl involvel neuronsl unilaterally.l Theyl oftenl havel al locall (focal)l
onset.l Consciousnessl mayl bel maintained.l Inl generalizedl seizures,l consciousnessl isl
almostl alwaysl impairedl orl lost.l Febrilel seizurel occursl inl childrenl youngerl thanl 6l yearsl
whol experiencel al highl fever.l Statusl epilepticusl isl thel experiencel ofl recurringl seizurel
activityl inl whichl recoveryl isl incomplete.l Seizurel activityl canl lastl 30l minutesl orl more.l



Q:l Al personl experiencingl difficultyl inl recognizingl al patternl cannotl recognizel thel
forml andl naturel ofl objects.l Whichl terml describesl thisl condition?
a.l Agnosia
b.l Aphasia

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