NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 4l –l
Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Guidel |l UTAl
(Latestl 2026l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l glucagon-likel peptide
Answer:
-l secretedl byl endocrinel cellsl ofl intestine
-l stiml insulinl secretion,l delaysl gastricl emptying,l suppressesl appetitel &l increasesl energyl
usel
-l levelsl arel decreasedl inl obesity
Q:l Peptidel YY
Answer:
-l releasedl froml endocrinel cellsl ofl intestinel
-l inhibitsl gastricl motilityl &l decreasesl al person'sl appetite
-l levelsl arel decreasedl inl obsesity
Q:l viscerall obesity
Answer:
-l accumulationl ofl adiposel tissl inl abdomenl &l upperl bdy
-l assocl w/l chronicl inflammation,l metabolicl syndrome,l obstructivel sleepl apnea,l DMl II,l
cardiovascularl ds,l osteo,l fattyl liver,l &l ca
Q:l peripherall obesity
Answer:
-l adiposel tissl isl locatedl onl thighsl &l buttocksl causingl al pearl shape
,-l releasesl lessl adipokines
Q:l endocrinel systeml &l aging
Answer:
-l thyroidl glandl hasl somel atrophy,l fibrosis,l inflammationl &l nodularity
-l TSHl secretionl isl slightlyl increased
-l pancreasl hasl al declinel inl betal celll functionl whichl canl l/dl glucosel intolerancel &l DM
-l growthl hormonel secretionl decreasesl l/dl decreasel inl musclel sizel &l fxn,l decreasedl aml
ofl fatl &l bonel mass,l changesl inl reproductivel &l cognitivel fxnl
-l elevatedl levelsl ofl PTHl arel assocl w/l increasedl mortalityl
-l decreasedl vitl Dl levelsl l/dl osteo,l ca,l autoimmunel disorders,l DM,l cardiovascularl ds,l &l
mentall healthl disorders
-l cannotl clearl glucocorticoidsl thatl arel producedl asl well
-l lessl cortisoll isl used
Q:l anorexial ofl aging
Answer:
-l decreasel inl appetitel orl foodl intakel inl elderly
-l r/sl inl malnourishedl state
-l r/sl froml reducedl energyl requirements,l diminishedl hunger,l decreasedl sensel ofl smelll &l
taste,l decreasedl salival secretion,l alteredl GIl satietyl controll
-l decreasedl neuronall activityl whichl increasesl one'sl appetitel &l increasedl activityl froml
neuronsl thatl suppressl appetite;l changesl l/dl decreasel foodl intake
-riskl fctrs:l functionall deficits,l medicall &l psychiatricl conditions,l lonelinessl &l grief,l
meds,l polypharm,l sociall isolation,l abusel &l neglect
-l canl l/dl malnutrition,l physicall frailty,l mitochondriall dysfxn,l reducedl regenl capacity,l
increasedl oxidativel stress,l imbalancedl hormonel levels
Q:l isletsl ofl langerhans
Answer:
fourl typesl ofl cells:
-l alphal cellsl secretel glucagon
-l betal cellsl secretel gastrin
,-l deltal cellsl secretel gastrinl &l somatostatin
-l Fl cellsl secretel pancreaticl polypeptidel thatl stiml secretionl ofl gastricl acisl &l inhibitsl
cholecystokininl secretion
Q:l Insulinl secretion
Answer:
-l occursl whenl betal cellsl arel stiml byl parasympl nervousl system
-l elevatedl glucosel levels
-l aminol acids
-l GIl hormonesl suchl asl glucagon,l gastrin,l secretin,l &l cholecystokinin
Q:l C-peptidel levels
Answer:
Evaluatesl thel amountl ofl insulinl beingl secreted
Helpl tol distinguishl betweenl Typel 1l andl Typel 2
Q:l glucosel transporters
Answer:
-l movesl glucosel intol cell
-l GLUT4l isl mainl onel &l isl assocl w/l 21-foldl increasel inl glucosel diffusionl intol cell
Q:l Amylin
Answer:
-l hormonel secretedl byl betal cellsl whichl helpsl tol regulatel glucosel concentrationl byl
delayingl gastricl emptyingl &l supressingl glucagonl secretion
Q:l Glucagon
Answer:
, -l responsiblel forl antagonizingl insulinl &l increasesl bll glucosel levelsl duringl timesl ofl
fasting,l exercise,l &l hypoglycemia
-l stiml glycogenolysisl inl liver
-l stiml byl lowl glucosel levels,l aminol acidsl suchl asl alanine,l glycine,l asparaginel
-l initiatesl liolysis
Q:l incretinl hormones
Answer:
-l releasedl byl endocrinel cellsl ofl GIl system
-l glucagon-likel peptidel 1l &l glucosel dependentl insulinotropicl polypeptide
-l controll levelsl ofl glucosel afterl al meanl byl stiml glucosel depl insulinl secretion,l
inhibitingl glucagonl synthesis,l slowingl gastricl emptying,l &l stiml hepl glucosel secretion
-l helpl tol increasel intracellularl insulinl stores
-l GLP-1l isl al targetl forl DMl drugl classl GLP-1l receptorl agonistsl whichl helpl tol enhancel
fxnl ofl thisl protein
-l dipeptidyll peptidasel 4l breakl downl incretins
Q:l DMl diagnosticl criteria
Answer:
-l hgbl A1Cl >l 6.l 5l %
-l fastingl glucosel ofl >l 126l (l nol foodl forl 8l hrs)
-l 2l hrl plasmal glucosel tolerancel testl ofl >l 200
-l symptomsl ofl DMl w/l al randoml plasmal glucosel ofl >l 200
Q:l prediabetesl labl valuse
Answer:
-l hgbl A1Cl 5.l 7-6.l 4
-l fastingl glucosel ofl 100-125
l -l 2l hrl glucosel tolerancel testl ofl 140-199
Q:l Typel 1l DM
Advancedl Pathophysiologyl Guidel |l UTAl
(Latestl 2026l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l glucagon-likel peptide
Answer:
-l secretedl byl endocrinel cellsl ofl intestine
-l stiml insulinl secretion,l delaysl gastricl emptying,l suppressesl appetitel &l increasesl energyl
usel
-l levelsl arel decreasedl inl obesity
Q:l Peptidel YY
Answer:
-l releasedl froml endocrinel cellsl ofl intestinel
-l inhibitsl gastricl motilityl &l decreasesl al person'sl appetite
-l levelsl arel decreasedl inl obsesity
Q:l viscerall obesity
Answer:
-l accumulationl ofl adiposel tissl inl abdomenl &l upperl bdy
-l assocl w/l chronicl inflammation,l metabolicl syndrome,l obstructivel sleepl apnea,l DMl II,l
cardiovascularl ds,l osteo,l fattyl liver,l &l ca
Q:l peripherall obesity
Answer:
-l adiposel tissl isl locatedl onl thighsl &l buttocksl causingl al pearl shape
,-l releasesl lessl adipokines
Q:l endocrinel systeml &l aging
Answer:
-l thyroidl glandl hasl somel atrophy,l fibrosis,l inflammationl &l nodularity
-l TSHl secretionl isl slightlyl increased
-l pancreasl hasl al declinel inl betal celll functionl whichl canl l/dl glucosel intolerancel &l DM
-l growthl hormonel secretionl decreasesl l/dl decreasel inl musclel sizel &l fxn,l decreasedl aml
ofl fatl &l bonel mass,l changesl inl reproductivel &l cognitivel fxnl
-l elevatedl levelsl ofl PTHl arel assocl w/l increasedl mortalityl
-l decreasedl vitl Dl levelsl l/dl osteo,l ca,l autoimmunel disorders,l DM,l cardiovascularl ds,l &l
mentall healthl disorders
-l cannotl clearl glucocorticoidsl thatl arel producedl asl well
-l lessl cortisoll isl used
Q:l anorexial ofl aging
Answer:
-l decreasel inl appetitel orl foodl intakel inl elderly
-l r/sl inl malnourishedl state
-l r/sl froml reducedl energyl requirements,l diminishedl hunger,l decreasedl sensel ofl smelll &l
taste,l decreasedl salival secretion,l alteredl GIl satietyl controll
-l decreasedl neuronall activityl whichl increasesl one'sl appetitel &l increasedl activityl froml
neuronsl thatl suppressl appetite;l changesl l/dl decreasel foodl intake
-riskl fctrs:l functionall deficits,l medicall &l psychiatricl conditions,l lonelinessl &l grief,l
meds,l polypharm,l sociall isolation,l abusel &l neglect
-l canl l/dl malnutrition,l physicall frailty,l mitochondriall dysfxn,l reducedl regenl capacity,l
increasedl oxidativel stress,l imbalancedl hormonel levels
Q:l isletsl ofl langerhans
Answer:
fourl typesl ofl cells:
-l alphal cellsl secretel glucagon
-l betal cellsl secretel gastrin
,-l deltal cellsl secretel gastrinl &l somatostatin
-l Fl cellsl secretel pancreaticl polypeptidel thatl stiml secretionl ofl gastricl acisl &l inhibitsl
cholecystokininl secretion
Q:l Insulinl secretion
Answer:
-l occursl whenl betal cellsl arel stiml byl parasympl nervousl system
-l elevatedl glucosel levels
-l aminol acids
-l GIl hormonesl suchl asl glucagon,l gastrin,l secretin,l &l cholecystokinin
Q:l C-peptidel levels
Answer:
Evaluatesl thel amountl ofl insulinl beingl secreted
Helpl tol distinguishl betweenl Typel 1l andl Typel 2
Q:l glucosel transporters
Answer:
-l movesl glucosel intol cell
-l GLUT4l isl mainl onel &l isl assocl w/l 21-foldl increasel inl glucosel diffusionl intol cell
Q:l Amylin
Answer:
-l hormonel secretedl byl betal cellsl whichl helpsl tol regulatel glucosel concentrationl byl
delayingl gastricl emptyingl &l supressingl glucagonl secretion
Q:l Glucagon
Answer:
, -l responsiblel forl antagonizingl insulinl &l increasesl bll glucosel levelsl duringl timesl ofl
fasting,l exercise,l &l hypoglycemia
-l stiml glycogenolysisl inl liver
-l stiml byl lowl glucosel levels,l aminol acidsl suchl asl alanine,l glycine,l asparaginel
-l initiatesl liolysis
Q:l incretinl hormones
Answer:
-l releasedl byl endocrinel cellsl ofl GIl system
-l glucagon-likel peptidel 1l &l glucosel dependentl insulinotropicl polypeptide
-l controll levelsl ofl glucosel afterl al meanl byl stiml glucosel depl insulinl secretion,l
inhibitingl glucagonl synthesis,l slowingl gastricl emptying,l &l stiml hepl glucosel secretion
-l helpl tol increasel intracellularl insulinl stores
-l GLP-1l isl al targetl forl DMl drugl classl GLP-1l receptorl agonistsl whichl helpl tol enhancel
fxnl ofl thisl protein
-l dipeptidyll peptidasel 4l breakl downl incretins
Q:l DMl diagnosticl criteria
Answer:
-l hgbl A1Cl >l 6.l 5l %
-l fastingl glucosel ofl >l 126l (l nol foodl forl 8l hrs)
-l 2l hrl plasmal glucosel tolerancel testl ofl >l 200
-l symptomsl ofl DMl w/l al randoml plasmal glucosel ofl >l 200
Q:l prediabetesl labl valuse
Answer:
-l hgbl A1Cl 5.l 7-6.l 4
-l fastingl glucosel ofl 100-125
l -l 2l hrl glucosel tolerancel testl ofl 140-199
Q:l Typel 1l DM
