English test Performance Task Review
questions and answers 2026.
Stages of Reading Development - n
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-The emergent reader
-The beginning reader
-The fluent reader
-The remedial reader
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The Emergent Reader: Age - n
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Early childhood to pre-K (pre-alphabetic)
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The Emergent Reader: Developmental Expectation - n
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-Beginning of awareness that text progresses from left to right
-Children scribble and recognize distinctive visual clues in environmental print, such
as letters in their names
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The Emergent Reader: Reading Instruction - n
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Begin phonemic awareness:
-Help to recognize print in environment
,-Help to make predictions in stories
-Observe pretending to read
-Help to recognize letter shapes
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The Beginning Reader: Age - n
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K to 2nd/3rd grade (alphabetic)
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The Beginning Reader: Developmental Expectation - n
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-Letters are associated with sounds
-Children begin to read simple CVC words (such as mat, sun, pin)
-They usually represent such words with a single sound, and later spell with the first
and last consonant: for example, CT for cat
-When writing later, vowels are included in each syllable
-Children now rhyme and blend words
-When reading later, they begin to recognize "chunks," or phonograms.
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The Beginning Reader: Reading Instruction - n
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Systematic and explicit instruction, including:
-Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding
-Vocabulary word-attack skills, spelling
-Text comprehension
-Listening and writing
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,The Fluent Reader: Age - n
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4th to 8th grade (orthographic)
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The Fluent Reader: Developmental Expectation - n
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-Students read larger units of print and use analogy to decode larger words
-Decoding becomes fluent
-Reading, accuracy and speed are stressed
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The Fluent Reader: Reading Instruction - n
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Systematic and explicit instruction, including:
-Word-attack skills (multisyllabic words)
-Decoding
-Spelling and vocabulary
-Fluency
-Text comprehension (context skills)
-Utilizing metacognition
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The Remedial Reader: Age - n
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3rd to 8th grade (students who do not demonstrate competency)
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The Remedial Reader: Developmental Expectation - n
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, -The key approach to successful reading programs is preventive rather than
remedial while understanding that there is a full range of learners in the classroom
-Therefore, students who are struggling to read are taught from the same
systematic framework taught in the early grades of successful readers
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The Remedial Reader: Reading Instruction - n
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Includes re-teaching all of the modalities taught as a "beginning reader" and
emphasizing:
-Assessment of identified reading weaknesses
-Teaching explicit strategies based on diagnosis
-Linking instruction to prior knowledge
-Increasing instruction time
-Dividing skills into smaller steps while providing reinforcement and positive
feedback
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Phoneme - n
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-The smallest unit of sound/part of spoken language that makes a difference in the
meaning of words
-English has about 41
-Sometimes represented by more than one letter
Examples: "oh" (/o/), "if" (/i/ /f/), "stop" (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/), "check" (/ch/ /e/ /k/)
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Phoneme Manipulation - n
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