BIOD 152 AP2 LAB 8 ACTUAL EXAM 2026/2027 | Portage Learning |
25 Questions with Rationales | Complete Answer Key | Updated Lab
Edition | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Q1 (Diagram Labeling): Image description: Anterior view of the complete digestive
system showing the alimentary canal and accessory organs with numbered structures
(1-14).
Identify the structures labeled 1-14:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Correct Answer:
1. Oral cavity (mouth) [CORRECT]
2. Pharynx [CORRECT]
3. Esophagus [CORRECT]
4. Stomach [CORRECT]
5. Liver [CORRECT]
6. Gallbladder [CORRECT]
7. Pancreas [CORRECT]
8. Duodenum (small intestine) [CORRECT]
9. Jejunum/ileum (small intestine) [CORRECT]
10. Cecum [CORRECT]
, 11. Appendix [CORRECT]
12. Ascending colon [CORRECT]
13. Transverse colon [CORRECT]
14. Sigmoid colon [CORRECT]
Rationale: The digestive system comprises:
● Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract): Continuous tube from mouth to anus
where food passes—oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
(duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal)
● Accessory digestive organs: Secrete substances into GI tract but food does not
pass through them—salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, teeth, tongue
Key anatomical relationships:
● Liver (5): Largest gland, right upper quadrant; produces bile
● Gallbladder (6): Stores/concentrates bile beneath liver
● Pancreas (7): Retroperitoneal, posterior to stomach; head nestled in duodenal
C-loop
● Duodenum (8): First 25 cm of small intestine; receives chyme from stomach, bile
from gallbladder, and pancreatic juice
● Cecum (10): Blind pouch receiving ileal contents; appendix (11) attached
● Colon framing: Ascends on right, transverses upper abdomen, descends on left,
sigmoid in pelvis
Q2 (Multiple Choice): Which salivary gland is the largest, located anterior to the ear and
superficial to the masseter muscle, and drains via Stensen's duct into the oral vestibule
opposite the upper second molar?
A. Sublingual gland
B. Submandibular gland
C. Parotid gland [CORRECT]
D. Buccal glands
,Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland (~25-30g), with the following
characteristics:
● Location: Anterior to ear, extending from zygomatic arch to mandibular angle;
superficial to masseter muscle; facial nerve (CN VII) passes through it
● Duct: Stensen's duct—5-6 cm long, emerges from anterior border, pierces
buccinator, opens at parotid papilla opposite maxillary second molar
● Secretion: Serous (watery, enzyme-rich), 25-30% of total saliva
● Clinical: Mumps (epidemic parotitis)—viral infection causing painful swelling;
parotidectomy risks facial nerve damage
● A (Sublingual): Smallest major gland; floor of mouth beneath tongue; multiple
ducts (ducts of Rivinus) plus major duct (Bartholin's) opening at sublingual
caruncle; mucous secretion
● B (Submandibular): Located in submandibular triangle beneath jaw; Wharton's
duct opens at sublingual caruncle; mixed serous/mucous (60-70% of saliva at
rest)
● D (Buccal glands): Minor salivary glands scattered throughout oral mucosa;
mucous secretion
Q3 (Histology Identification): Image description: Stomach body/fundus histology
showing gastric mucosa with labeled features (A-E).
Identify the structures/cells labeled A-E:
A. _____________
B. _____________
C. _____________
D. _____________
E. _____________
Correct Answer:
A. Gastric pit (foveola) [CORRECT]
B. Parietal (oxyntic) cells [CORRECT]
C. Chief (zymogenic) cells [CORRECT]
D. Mucous neck cells [CORRECT]
E. Gastric gland [CORRECT]
, Rationale: Stomach histology—gastric mucosa:
A. Gastric pits (foveolae): Surface invaginations (1/4 to 1/3 of mucosal thickness); lined
by simple columnar mucous cells (surface mucous cells) producing alkaline mucus (pH
~8) protecting against acid and pepsin
B. Parietal (oxyntic) cells: Large, eosinophilic (pink-staining), pyramidal cells
predominantly in upper/middle glands; features:
● Canaliculi: Deep invaginations of apical membrane with microvilli
● Tubulovesicles: Store H+/K+-ATPase (proton pumps)
● Secretions: Hydrochloric acid (HCl, pH 0.8-1.0) and intrinsic factor (glycoprotein
essential for vitamin B12 absorption in ileum)
C. Chief (zymogenic) cells: Basophilic (blue-purple, granular) cells predominantly in
lower glands; cuboidal shape; secrete pepsinogen (inactive protease precursor), gastric
lipase, and rennin (infants)
D. Mucous neck cells: Located in neck region (junction of pit and gland); secrete acidic
mucus (different from surface mucous cells); stem cells for epithelial renewal (every 3-7
days)
E. Gastric glands: Tubular glands extending from pits to muscularis mucosae; contain
all secretory cell types; three types by location: cardiac glands (mucous), fundic/body
glands (mixed, shown here), pyloric glands (mucous, gastrin-secreting G cells)
Q4 (Diagram Labeling): Image description: Stomach anatomy with external and internal
views showing numbered regions (1-8).
Identify the regions/structures labeled 1-8:
1.
2.
25 Questions with Rationales | Complete Answer Key | Updated Lab
Edition | Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Q1 (Diagram Labeling): Image description: Anterior view of the complete digestive
system showing the alimentary canal and accessory organs with numbered structures
(1-14).
Identify the structures labeled 1-14:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Correct Answer:
1. Oral cavity (mouth) [CORRECT]
2. Pharynx [CORRECT]
3. Esophagus [CORRECT]
4. Stomach [CORRECT]
5. Liver [CORRECT]
6. Gallbladder [CORRECT]
7. Pancreas [CORRECT]
8. Duodenum (small intestine) [CORRECT]
9. Jejunum/ileum (small intestine) [CORRECT]
10. Cecum [CORRECT]
, 11. Appendix [CORRECT]
12. Ascending colon [CORRECT]
13. Transverse colon [CORRECT]
14. Sigmoid colon [CORRECT]
Rationale: The digestive system comprises:
● Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract): Continuous tube from mouth to anus
where food passes—oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
(duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal)
● Accessory digestive organs: Secrete substances into GI tract but food does not
pass through them—salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, teeth, tongue
Key anatomical relationships:
● Liver (5): Largest gland, right upper quadrant; produces bile
● Gallbladder (6): Stores/concentrates bile beneath liver
● Pancreas (7): Retroperitoneal, posterior to stomach; head nestled in duodenal
C-loop
● Duodenum (8): First 25 cm of small intestine; receives chyme from stomach, bile
from gallbladder, and pancreatic juice
● Cecum (10): Blind pouch receiving ileal contents; appendix (11) attached
● Colon framing: Ascends on right, transverses upper abdomen, descends on left,
sigmoid in pelvis
Q2 (Multiple Choice): Which salivary gland is the largest, located anterior to the ear and
superficial to the masseter muscle, and drains via Stensen's duct into the oral vestibule
opposite the upper second molar?
A. Sublingual gland
B. Submandibular gland
C. Parotid gland [CORRECT]
D. Buccal glands
,Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland (~25-30g), with the following
characteristics:
● Location: Anterior to ear, extending from zygomatic arch to mandibular angle;
superficial to masseter muscle; facial nerve (CN VII) passes through it
● Duct: Stensen's duct—5-6 cm long, emerges from anterior border, pierces
buccinator, opens at parotid papilla opposite maxillary second molar
● Secretion: Serous (watery, enzyme-rich), 25-30% of total saliva
● Clinical: Mumps (epidemic parotitis)—viral infection causing painful swelling;
parotidectomy risks facial nerve damage
● A (Sublingual): Smallest major gland; floor of mouth beneath tongue; multiple
ducts (ducts of Rivinus) plus major duct (Bartholin's) opening at sublingual
caruncle; mucous secretion
● B (Submandibular): Located in submandibular triangle beneath jaw; Wharton's
duct opens at sublingual caruncle; mixed serous/mucous (60-70% of saliva at
rest)
● D (Buccal glands): Minor salivary glands scattered throughout oral mucosa;
mucous secretion
Q3 (Histology Identification): Image description: Stomach body/fundus histology
showing gastric mucosa with labeled features (A-E).
Identify the structures/cells labeled A-E:
A. _____________
B. _____________
C. _____________
D. _____________
E. _____________
Correct Answer:
A. Gastric pit (foveola) [CORRECT]
B. Parietal (oxyntic) cells [CORRECT]
C. Chief (zymogenic) cells [CORRECT]
D. Mucous neck cells [CORRECT]
E. Gastric gland [CORRECT]
, Rationale: Stomach histology—gastric mucosa:
A. Gastric pits (foveolae): Surface invaginations (1/4 to 1/3 of mucosal thickness); lined
by simple columnar mucous cells (surface mucous cells) producing alkaline mucus (pH
~8) protecting against acid and pepsin
B. Parietal (oxyntic) cells: Large, eosinophilic (pink-staining), pyramidal cells
predominantly in upper/middle glands; features:
● Canaliculi: Deep invaginations of apical membrane with microvilli
● Tubulovesicles: Store H+/K+-ATPase (proton pumps)
● Secretions: Hydrochloric acid (HCl, pH 0.8-1.0) and intrinsic factor (glycoprotein
essential for vitamin B12 absorption in ileum)
C. Chief (zymogenic) cells: Basophilic (blue-purple, granular) cells predominantly in
lower glands; cuboidal shape; secrete pepsinogen (inactive protease precursor), gastric
lipase, and rennin (infants)
D. Mucous neck cells: Located in neck region (junction of pit and gland); secrete acidic
mucus (different from surface mucous cells); stem cells for epithelial renewal (every 3-7
days)
E. Gastric glands: Tubular glands extending from pits to muscularis mucosae; contain
all secretory cell types; three types by location: cardiac glands (mucous), fundic/body
glands (mixed, shown here), pyloric glands (mucous, gastrin-secreting G cells)
Q4 (Diagram Labeling): Image description: Stomach anatomy with external and internal
views showing numbered regions (1-8).
Identify the regions/structures labeled 1-8:
1.
2.
