TEST BANK
Theories Of Personality 10th Edition
by Ryckman All 18 Chapters Covered
1
,Table of Contents
PART I: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCIPLINE.
1. Personality and the Scientific Outlook.
PART II: PSYCHOANALYTIC AND NEOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES.
2. Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspectives.
3. Jung's Analytical Psychology.
4. Adler's Individual Psychology.
5. Horney's Social and Cultural Psychoanalysis.
6. Erikson's Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology.
7. Kohut's Self Psychology.
PART III: TRAIT PERSPECTIVES.
8. Allport's Trait Theory.
9. Cattell's Structure-Based Systems Theory.
10. Eysenck's Biological Typology.
PART IV: COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES.
11. Kelly's Theory of Personal Constructs.
PART V: HUMANISTIC/EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVES.
2
,12. Maslow's Self-Actualization Position.
13. Roger's Person-Centered Theory.
14. May's Existential-Analytic Position.
PART VI: SOCIAL-BEHAVIORISTIC PERSPECTIVES.
15. Skinner's Operant Analysis.
16. Rotter's Expectancy Reinforcement Value Model.
17. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.
PART VII: THE ROLE OF THE GRAND THEORIES IN CONTEMPORARY
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY.
18. Theory and Research in Contemporary Personality Psychology.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3
, I. Why study personality? The study of human personality helps us understand ourselves and
other people better and gives us a greater appreciation for the complexity of human
experience.
II. Definition of Personality: Personality is the dynamic and organized set of characteristics
possessed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations and
behaviors in various situations.
III. Personality and Science: Personality is a scientific enterprise concerned with the description,
explanation, prediction, and control of events.
A. Components of Science: Theories and Research Methods
1. What are theories? A theory is a system of interrelated conceptual statements that are
created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of phenomena.
2. Kinds of theories
a. inductive-sets of general summary statements about phenomena derived from facts.
b. deductive-theories in which specific hypotheses are derived from abstract propositions
and then tested by the collection of data. Deductive theories consist of postulates,
propositions, conceptual definitions, operational definitions, hypotheses, and empirical
observations.
1. postulates-the fundamental or core assumptions of a theory. They are taken as self-
evidently true in order to provide a clear and focused direction for theorizing and
research.
2. propositions- general relational statements that may be true or false. They are not
tested directly; instead, hypotheses are derived from them.
3. hypotheses-specific propositions containing constructs that are conceptually defined and
operationalized so they can tested and confirmed or disconfirmed through empirical
testing. Hypotheses are tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to
one another, often stated as predictions.
a. a prior predictions-predictions made before the collection of data.
4. conceptual definitions- concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that accurate
measures of the concepts can be devised.
5. operational definitions- procedures (or operations) used to define particular constructs.
6. empirical observations-observations of phenomena made by investigators.
1V. Research Methods Used to Test Theories
A. Experimental Method-technique for studying cause-and- effect relationships between
variables. It involves the manipulation of independent variables and observation of the
effects of the manipulation(s) on dependent variables.
1. independent variables-the variables actively manipulated by the experimenter so that
their effects on individual behavior can be observed.
2. dependent variables-changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of
conditions by an experimenter.
3. control group-the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. It is designed
4
Theories Of Personality 10th Edition
by Ryckman All 18 Chapters Covered
1
,Table of Contents
PART I: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCIPLINE.
1. Personality and the Scientific Outlook.
PART II: PSYCHOANALYTIC AND NEOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES.
2. Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspectives.
3. Jung's Analytical Psychology.
4. Adler's Individual Psychology.
5. Horney's Social and Cultural Psychoanalysis.
6. Erikson's Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology.
7. Kohut's Self Psychology.
PART III: TRAIT PERSPECTIVES.
8. Allport's Trait Theory.
9. Cattell's Structure-Based Systems Theory.
10. Eysenck's Biological Typology.
PART IV: COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES.
11. Kelly's Theory of Personal Constructs.
PART V: HUMANISTIC/EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVES.
2
,12. Maslow's Self-Actualization Position.
13. Roger's Person-Centered Theory.
14. May's Existential-Analytic Position.
PART VI: SOCIAL-BEHAVIORISTIC PERSPECTIVES.
15. Skinner's Operant Analysis.
16. Rotter's Expectancy Reinforcement Value Model.
17. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory.
PART VII: THE ROLE OF THE GRAND THEORIES IN CONTEMPORARY
PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY.
18. Theory and Research in Contemporary Personality Psychology.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3
, I. Why study personality? The study of human personality helps us understand ourselves and
other people better and gives us a greater appreciation for the complexity of human
experience.
II. Definition of Personality: Personality is the dynamic and organized set of characteristics
possessed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations and
behaviors in various situations.
III. Personality and Science: Personality is a scientific enterprise concerned with the description,
explanation, prediction, and control of events.
A. Components of Science: Theories and Research Methods
1. What are theories? A theory is a system of interrelated conceptual statements that are
created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of phenomena.
2. Kinds of theories
a. inductive-sets of general summary statements about phenomena derived from facts.
b. deductive-theories in which specific hypotheses are derived from abstract propositions
and then tested by the collection of data. Deductive theories consist of postulates,
propositions, conceptual definitions, operational definitions, hypotheses, and empirical
observations.
1. postulates-the fundamental or core assumptions of a theory. They are taken as self-
evidently true in order to provide a clear and focused direction for theorizing and
research.
2. propositions- general relational statements that may be true or false. They are not
tested directly; instead, hypotheses are derived from them.
3. hypotheses-specific propositions containing constructs that are conceptually defined and
operationalized so they can tested and confirmed or disconfirmed through empirical
testing. Hypotheses are tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to
one another, often stated as predictions.
a. a prior predictions-predictions made before the collection of data.
4. conceptual definitions- concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that accurate
measures of the concepts can be devised.
5. operational definitions- procedures (or operations) used to define particular constructs.
6. empirical observations-observations of phenomena made by investigators.
1V. Research Methods Used to Test Theories
A. Experimental Method-technique for studying cause-and- effect relationships between
variables. It involves the manipulation of independent variables and observation of the
effects of the manipulation(s) on dependent variables.
1. independent variables-the variables actively manipulated by the experimenter so that
their effects on individual behavior can be observed.
2. dependent variables-changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of
conditions by an experimenter.
3. control group-the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. It is designed
4
