Exam 2: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Rasmussen
What causes rigid abdomen in Peritonitis?
Develops because of a reflexive abdominal muscle spasm that occurs. Inflamed tissue creates
abdominal tenderness and pain that worsen with movement
What disorder results in Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?
Intestinal Obstruction
The cause of Hiatal Hernia
Occurs when a section of the stomach protrudes upward through an opening (hiatus) in the
diaphragm toward the thoracic cavity. The hiatus develops from weakening of the diaphragm
muscle, frequently resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure (e.g., coughing, vomiting, or
straining to defecate) or increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., pregnancy and obesity). Other
causes of a hiatus include trauma and congenital defects.
Cause of diarrhea with antibiotic ingestion
Antibiotics destroy some of these bacteria, which allow other types to grow too much. In some
cases, antibiotics can allow a type of bacteria called Clostridioides difficile to grow too much.
This can lead to severe, watery, and often bloody diarrhea called pseudomembranous colitis
, Exam 2: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Rasmussen
Causative of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces (e.g., excess acid production) and
protective mechanisms (e.g., decreased mucus production) induced by a secondary process rather
than an innate defect. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Cause of Chronic Pancreatitis
Alcoholism
Define Intussusception
Telescoping of a portion of the intestine into another portion
Cause of Heartburn
Occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the acidic contents of the stomach
to reflux into the esophagus. The most common cause is food that's acidic or high in fat—like
citrus fruits, tomatoes, onions, chocolate, coffee, cheese, and peppermint. Spicy foods or large
meals can also be the root of distress. Other sources of heartburn include aspirin or ibuprofen, as
well as some sedatives and blood pressure medications.
, Exam 2: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Rasmussen
Fecal Impaction/Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
Colon narrowed by scar tissue, Diverticulum filled with feces, Inflammation, Telescoping of
ileum inside adjacent section of colon, Blood vessels drawn in between layers and compressed,
and Ileum appendix
Cause of Acute Pancreatitis
Cholelithiasis
Hepatitis A-E
See notes
Cleft Lip and Palate
Cleft lip and palate are birth defects that occur when soft tissues of the lip or mouth do not form
properly. Cleft lip and palate may occur either together or separately. These conditions usually
develop in the second month of pregnancy, when the fetus's facial structures are forming. Every
year in the United States, approximately 2,650 babies are born with cleft palate and
approximately 4,440 babies are born with a cleft lip with or without a cleft palate. Maternal
smoking, preexisting diabetes, and seizure medication use (especially in the first trimester) are
significant risk factors. Additionally, these defects are more prevalent in Native Americans and
Asian Americans, with African Americans having the lowest prevalence.
The deformities with cleft lip and palate may be unilateral or bilateral. The severity of the
deformity ranges from a mild notch to involvement of the lip, palate, and tongue (FIGURE 1-
33). Feeding and nutritional issues may occur because of these structural problems, which affect
the ability to nurse and eat.
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Rasmussen
What causes rigid abdomen in Peritonitis?
Develops because of a reflexive abdominal muscle spasm that occurs. Inflamed tissue creates
abdominal tenderness and pain that worsen with movement
What disorder results in Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?
Intestinal Obstruction
The cause of Hiatal Hernia
Occurs when a section of the stomach protrudes upward through an opening (hiatus) in the
diaphragm toward the thoracic cavity. The hiatus develops from weakening of the diaphragm
muscle, frequently resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure (e.g., coughing, vomiting, or
straining to defecate) or increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., pregnancy and obesity). Other
causes of a hiatus include trauma and congenital defects.
Cause of diarrhea with antibiotic ingestion
Antibiotics destroy some of these bacteria, which allow other types to grow too much. In some
cases, antibiotics can allow a type of bacteria called Clostridioides difficile to grow too much.
This can lead to severe, watery, and often bloody diarrhea called pseudomembranous colitis
, Exam 2: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Rasmussen
Causative of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces (e.g., excess acid production) and
protective mechanisms (e.g., decreased mucus production) induced by a secondary process rather
than an innate defect. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Cause of Chronic Pancreatitis
Alcoholism
Define Intussusception
Telescoping of a portion of the intestine into another portion
Cause of Heartburn
Occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the acidic contents of the stomach
to reflux into the esophagus. The most common cause is food that's acidic or high in fat—like
citrus fruits, tomatoes, onions, chocolate, coffee, cheese, and peppermint. Spicy foods or large
meals can also be the root of distress. Other sources of heartburn include aspirin or ibuprofen, as
well as some sedatives and blood pressure medications.
, Exam 2: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A - Rasmussen
Fecal Impaction/Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
Colon narrowed by scar tissue, Diverticulum filled with feces, Inflammation, Telescoping of
ileum inside adjacent section of colon, Blood vessels drawn in between layers and compressed,
and Ileum appendix
Cause of Acute Pancreatitis
Cholelithiasis
Hepatitis A-E
See notes
Cleft Lip and Palate
Cleft lip and palate are birth defects that occur when soft tissues of the lip or mouth do not form
properly. Cleft lip and palate may occur either together or separately. These conditions usually
develop in the second month of pregnancy, when the fetus's facial structures are forming. Every
year in the United States, approximately 2,650 babies are born with cleft palate and
approximately 4,440 babies are born with a cleft lip with or without a cleft palate. Maternal
smoking, preexisting diabetes, and seizure medication use (especially in the first trimester) are
significant risk factors. Additionally, these defects are more prevalent in Native Americans and
Asian Americans, with African Americans having the lowest prevalence.
The deformities with cleft lip and palate may be unilateral or bilateral. The severity of the
deformity ranges from a mild notch to involvement of the lip, palate, and tongue (FIGURE 1-
33). Feeding and nutritional issues may occur because of these structural problems, which affect
the ability to nurse and eat.
