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Engineering Mathematics: Differential Equations & Laplace Transform Guide

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Master ordinary differential equations (ODEs) including constant coefficients, Cauchy-Euler equations, and system solving. Includes step-by-step examples of Laplace transforms and inverse Laplace for initial value problems.

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Engineering_math
Course
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CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP CỦA LẦN KT
THỨ 2


B1: 𝒕í𝒏𝒉 𝒆−∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒆−∫𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

B2: 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚𝟏.∫ 𝒚𝟏𝟐𝒅𝒙


Nghiệm yc = c1y1 + c2y2

Vd: 𝒙𝟐𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒗ớ𝒊 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐

Đầu tiên chia 2 vế cho x2 để hệ số của y’’ là 1

=> 𝑦′′ − 𝑥3 𝑦′ + 𝑥42 𝑦 =0


B1: P(x) 3 => =
− - 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝟑𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝑒− ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒3𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒(𝑙𝑛𝑥)3 = 𝑥3
𝑒−∫𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

B2: 𝑦2 = 𝑦1. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦1

𝑦2 = 𝑥2 ∫ 𝑥𝑥34 𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 𝑥2𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑉ậ𝑦 𝑦1 = 𝑥2 ; 𝑦2 = 𝑥2𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑦1 + 𝑐2𝑦2 = 𝑐1𝑥2 + 𝑐2𝑥2𝑙𝑛𝑥

,Chú ý dạng 2 khác dạng 1: ở dạng 1 i kèm với y’ là 1 hàm theo x còn dạng 2
là hệ

số.

Đưa về phương trình ặc trưng : 𝑦′′ = 𝑚2 ; 𝑦′ = 𝑚 ; 𝑦 𝑙à 1

𝑛ế𝑢 𝑐ó 𝑦′′′𝑡ℎì 𝑏ằ𝑛𝑔 𝑚3

𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚 𝑟𝑖ê𝑛𝑔 𝑐ủ𝑎 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ 𝑐ó 𝑑ạ𝑛𝑔 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙

𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚 𝑡ổ𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢á𝑡 𝑐ủ𝑎 𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ: yc = c1y1 + c2y2




Các trường hợp khi tìm ra nghiệm của m
Th1: 2 nghiệm phân biệt m1 ≠ 𝒎𝟐

=> y1 = em1x và y2 = em2x

=> yc = c1y1 + c2y2
Vd: nếu giải ra 2 giá trị của m là m=2 và m=4
=> y1 = 𝑒2𝑥 y2= 𝑒4𝑥

=> yc = c1e2x +c2e4x



Th2: giải ra m là nghiệm kép ( nghiệm bội 2 ) m1 = m2

y1 = em1x y2 = xy1

Nếu có 3 giá trị m bằng nhau m1 = m2 = m3

, y1 = em1x y2 = xy1 y3 = xy2 = x2y1

Tương tự cho nghiệm bội 4, bội 5 …. (không có đâu yên tâm)

Vd: giải ra m1 = m2 = 5

=> y1= 𝑒5𝑥 y2= 𝑥𝑒5𝑥

Nếu m1 = m2 = m3 = 5

=> y1= 𝑒5𝑥 y2= 𝑥𝑒5𝑥 y3= 𝑥2𝑒5𝑥



Th3: Nghiệm phức m1= 𝜶 + 𝒊𝜷

m2= 𝜶 − 𝒊𝜷 y1 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥

cos(𝛽𝑥) và y2 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥 sin(𝛽𝑥) Vd:

𝒎𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 => 𝒎

= 𝒊 𝒗à 𝒎 = −𝒊

𝑚=𝑖 𝑛𝑔ℎĩ𝑎 𝑙à 𝑚 = 0 + 𝑖1 𝑙à 𝛼 = 0 𝑣à 𝛽 = 1

Y1 = 𝑒0𝑥 cos(1𝑥) 𝑣à y2 = 𝑒0𝑥sin (1𝑥)

Y1 = cos(𝑥) 𝑣à y2 = sin(𝑥)

Yc = c1cos(𝑥) + c2sin (𝑥)

Vd về các bài tập
a) 𝟐𝒚′′ − 𝟓𝒚′ − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑝ℎươ𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ì𝑛ℎ đặ𝑐 𝑡𝑟ư𝑛𝑔 (𝑃𝑇Đ𝑇): 2𝑚2 − 5𝑚 − 3 = 0

𝑚=− 𝑣 𝑚=3 ( 2 𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑖ệ𝑚 𝑘ℎá𝑐 𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑢)𝑇ℎ1
1

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