Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Psychopathology Abnormal Behavior
Study of why people think, behave, and feel in abnormal, Given social, cultural, and situational factors, any behavior or
unexpected ways. thought that is maladaptive or has a negative affect
Characteristics:
“something wrong with a person’s psychology” • Personal Distress (emotional pain and suffering)
A search by clinicians for the reasons why people behave, think, and • Disability (impairment in a key area)
act in abnormal ways. Focus is on
• Violation of Social Norms (makes others uncomfy)
• Description
Cultural relativism: behavior determined by culture and
• Causes society
• Treatment • Dysfunction: Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction
DSM-IV-TR includes all these characteristics
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Stigma What are the three historical views?
Having a negative connotation – how we think about mental illness. (guiding perspectives over time)
Labeling someone based on our assumptions, and negativity is
Supernatural: mental illness is due to supernatural forces
attached in a big way.
(demonology, God, possession, etc)
Biological: originated with Hippocrates, says that psychopathology is
Apply label refers to undesirable attributes people seen as due to dysfunction in the brain, it is similar to physical disease
different discrimination
Psychological: says that psychopathology is due to something in the
environment like stress or trauma
These views dictated how mental illness has been treated, and how
people with mental illness were treated
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Freud Behaviorism
• Influenced by Bruer Suggests that behavior develops through classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, or modeling. People with symptoms just need
• Emphasized stages of psychosexual development
to reinforce OTHER behaviors. Shift was towards observing things that
• Importance of unconscious processes we can see, and moving away from unconscious
Repression and defense mechanisms • John Watson father of behaviorism, focused on learning
and observable behavior
Influenced psychoanalytic theory:
• BF Skinner: positive and negative reinforcement, showed
• Free association
that operant conditioning can shape behavior
• Analysis of transference
• Understand conflicts and find healthier ways dealing with
them,.
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Cultural Relativism Wakefield’s Harmful Dysfunction
Says that behavior is determined by culture and society, and that Says that must be harmful to the self or society, and must be an
there is no universal for human behavior. element of dysfunction, something operating in a way that deviates
from how it should operate.
• Think of gender roles in different parts of the world
Someone might deny harm to themselves or society but actually be
doing harm!
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Demonology Hippocrates
Earliest idea of mental illness. Believed that demons and evil spirits Gave earliest biological explanation
possessed the mind to cause mental illness, and that exorcism was
Thought that mental illness was caused by natural as opposed to
the only treatment. They drilled holes in the skull to let the, escape
supernatural causes, and that it was located In the brain
(trepanning)
• Imbalance of four humours of the body
Black bile (infection)
Yellow bile (anxiety)
Phlegm
Blood
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Timeline of Psychopathology Lunacy Trials
Organized by the government (13 th century England) to determine
sanity. Lunacy refers to theory that attributes insanity to misalignment
Supernatural Biologicacl (Hippocrates) Dark Ages (supernatural)
of the room and stars
Witches Lunacy Trials Aslyums (Priory of St Mary of Bethlehelm
Pinel (humanitarian treatment) William Tuke and Society of
Friends Dorthea Dix NAME can be inherited (Behavioral
genetics) Eugenics Psychological Approaches Mesmer
Bruer Freud (psychoanalytic theory) Neo-freudians Adler
Behaviorism (Watson, Thorndike, skinner) Modeling (Bandura and
Menlove) Behavior therapy
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehelm Phillipe Pinel
• One of the first mental institutions Pioneered humanitarian treatment
• Exploited those with mental illness Took Control of Aslyum
• Origin of term bedlam Wanted to treat people with dignity, like humans, to cure
• Treatment non-existent or harmful
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Moral Treatment Dorthea Dix
• William Tuke and Sociey of Friends, York Retreat Crusaders for prisoners and mentally ill in the United States
• Provided a calming environment Urged improvements in institutions
• Gave patients purposeful activity Established 32 new public hospitals,
• Talked with attendants But too large to maintain moral treatment
Hospitals staffed with physicians
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Kraepelin Behavioral Genetics - emergence
• Pioneered classification of mental illness based on “The extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics”
biological cause
After Kraepelin noticed that symptoms tended to co-occur and
• Noticed groups of symptoms tended to co-occur, called it termed this a syndrome, was noted that these syndromes ran in
a syndrome, evidence of a biological cause families and could be inherited, so investigated causes
• Published first psychiatry text
Dementia Praecox (schizo) and manic depressive Eugenics: only those with desirable traits should be allowed to
psychosis (bipolar disorder) “breed” (period of enforced sterilization”
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Psychological Approaches Freud
View mental illness as due to psychological functions Psychoanalytic theory: Human behavior is determined by
unconscious forces, things we aren’t aware o that an observer
Dysfunctional thinking patterns, behavior determined by
cannot see
reward/punishment, things in the brain that couldn’t be understood
due to biology
Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious
forces
Mesmer: used animal magnetism and hypnosis to treat hysteria
ID: unconscious, energy is libido, operates according to pleasure
Bruer: Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis
principle, reduces tension through wish fulfillment and fantasies
EGO: develops to consciously control the ID, conscious and operates
according to reality principle
SUPEREGO: our conscience, societal influence
Psychopathology Abnormal Behavior
Study of why people think, behave, and feel in abnormal, Given social, cultural, and situational factors, any behavior or
unexpected ways. thought that is maladaptive or has a negative affect
Characteristics:
“something wrong with a person’s psychology” • Personal Distress (emotional pain and suffering)
A search by clinicians for the reasons why people behave, think, and • Disability (impairment in a key area)
act in abnormal ways. Focus is on
• Violation of Social Norms (makes others uncomfy)
• Description
Cultural relativism: behavior determined by culture and
• Causes society
• Treatment • Dysfunction: Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction
DSM-IV-TR includes all these characteristics
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Stigma What are the three historical views?
Having a negative connotation – how we think about mental illness. (guiding perspectives over time)
Labeling someone based on our assumptions, and negativity is
Supernatural: mental illness is due to supernatural forces
attached in a big way.
(demonology, God, possession, etc)
Biological: originated with Hippocrates, says that psychopathology is
Apply label refers to undesirable attributes people seen as due to dysfunction in the brain, it is similar to physical disease
different discrimination
Psychological: says that psychopathology is due to something in the
environment like stress or trauma
These views dictated how mental illness has been treated, and how
people with mental illness were treated
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Freud Behaviorism
• Influenced by Bruer Suggests that behavior develops through classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, or modeling. People with symptoms just need
• Emphasized stages of psychosexual development
to reinforce OTHER behaviors. Shift was towards observing things that
• Importance of unconscious processes we can see, and moving away from unconscious
Repression and defense mechanisms • John Watson father of behaviorism, focused on learning
and observable behavior
Influenced psychoanalytic theory:
• BF Skinner: positive and negative reinforcement, showed
• Free association
that operant conditioning can shape behavior
• Analysis of transference
• Understand conflicts and find healthier ways dealing with
them,.
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Cultural Relativism Wakefield’s Harmful Dysfunction
Says that behavior is determined by culture and society, and that Says that must be harmful to the self or society, and must be an
there is no universal for human behavior. element of dysfunction, something operating in a way that deviates
from how it should operate.
• Think of gender roles in different parts of the world
Someone might deny harm to themselves or society but actually be
doing harm!
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Demonology Hippocrates
Earliest idea of mental illness. Believed that demons and evil spirits Gave earliest biological explanation
possessed the mind to cause mental illness, and that exorcism was
Thought that mental illness was caused by natural as opposed to
the only treatment. They drilled holes in the skull to let the, escape
supernatural causes, and that it was located In the brain
(trepanning)
• Imbalance of four humours of the body
Black bile (infection)
Yellow bile (anxiety)
Phlegm
Blood
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Timeline of Psychopathology Lunacy Trials
Organized by the government (13 th century England) to determine
sanity. Lunacy refers to theory that attributes insanity to misalignment
Supernatural Biologicacl (Hippocrates) Dark Ages (supernatural)
of the room and stars
Witches Lunacy Trials Aslyums (Priory of St Mary of Bethlehelm
Pinel (humanitarian treatment) William Tuke and Society of
Friends Dorthea Dix NAME can be inherited (Behavioral
genetics) Eugenics Psychological Approaches Mesmer
Bruer Freud (psychoanalytic theory) Neo-freudians Adler
Behaviorism (Watson, Thorndike, skinner) Modeling (Bandura and
Menlove) Behavior therapy
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehelm Phillipe Pinel
• One of the first mental institutions Pioneered humanitarian treatment
• Exploited those with mental illness Took Control of Aslyum
• Origin of term bedlam Wanted to treat people with dignity, like humans, to cure
• Treatment non-existent or harmful
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Moral Treatment Dorthea Dix
• William Tuke and Sociey of Friends, York Retreat Crusaders for prisoners and mentally ill in the United States
• Provided a calming environment Urged improvements in institutions
• Gave patients purposeful activity Established 32 new public hospitals,
• Talked with attendants But too large to maintain moral treatment
Hospitals staffed with physicians
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Kraepelin Behavioral Genetics - emergence
• Pioneered classification of mental illness based on “The extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics”
biological cause
After Kraepelin noticed that symptoms tended to co-occur and
• Noticed groups of symptoms tended to co-occur, called it termed this a syndrome, was noted that these syndromes ran in
a syndrome, evidence of a biological cause families and could be inherited, so investigated causes
• Published first psychiatry text
Dementia Praecox (schizo) and manic depressive Eugenics: only those with desirable traits should be allowed to
psychosis (bipolar disorder) “breed” (period of enforced sterilization”
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical overview
Psychological Approaches Freud
View mental illness as due to psychological functions Psychoanalytic theory: Human behavior is determined by
unconscious forces, things we aren’t aware o that an observer
Dysfunctional thinking patterns, behavior determined by
cannot see
reward/punishment, things in the brain that couldn’t be understood
due to biology
Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious
forces
Mesmer: used animal magnetism and hypnosis to treat hysteria
ID: unconscious, energy is libido, operates according to pleasure
Bruer: Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis
principle, reduces tension through wish fulfillment and fantasies
EGO: develops to consciously control the ID, conscious and operates
according to reality principle
SUPEREGO: our conscience, societal influence
