NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTION BANK |
CHAMBERLAIN NR283 EXAM 1, EXAM 2, EXAM
3 & FINAL EXAM | COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+ LATEST
EXAM 1 – FOUNDATIONS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Which mechanism best explains how cellular injury occurs during
prolonged hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Stabilization of the cell membrane
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases ATP production, leading to failure of the sodium-
potassium pump. This causes sodium and water to enter the cell, resulting in
cellular swelling and injury.
2. A patient with ischemic injury develops lactic acidosis. This occurs
primarily due to:
A. Increased aerobic metabolism
B. Impaired glucose uptake
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
D. Excess insulin secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In ischemia, oxygen deprivation forces cells to rely on anaerobic
glycolysis, producing lactic acid and leading to metabolic acidosis.
,3. Which change is considered a reversible cellular adaptation to chronic
stress?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Hyperplasia
D. DNA fragmentation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is a reversible increase in cell number in response to
chronic stimulation or stress. Apoptosis and necrosis represent irreversible injury.
4. A nurse reviews lab results showing elevated intracellular calcium. This
finding is most concerning because it can:
A. Inhibit mitochondrial function
B. Improve enzyme activity
C. Reduce membrane permeability
D. Enhance ATP synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes and
disrupts mitochondrial function, leading to cell death.
5. Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis and results in a
cheese-like appearance due to partial digestion of cells.
,6. Inflammation is initiated primarily to:
A. Eliminate antibodies
B. Prevent tissue perfusion
C. Remove injurious stimuli
D. Suppress immune cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of injury,
remove damaged cells, and initiate tissue repair.
7. Which mediator is responsible for increased vascular permeability during
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Interferon
C. Prostaglandin E2
D. Fibrinogen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells increases capillary permeability,
allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to migrate into tissues.
8. A patient experiences delayed wound healing. Which factor most likely
contributes to this condition?
A. Increased oxygen delivery
B. Adequate protein intake
C. Advanced age
D. Normal glucose levels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Advanced age slows cellular regeneration, collagen synthesis, and
immune response, contributing to delayed wound healing.
, 9. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
A. T lymphocyte
B. Macrophage
C. Neutrophil
D. B lymphocyte
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies
specific to antigens.
10. Fever develops during infection due to:
A. Direct bacterial toxins
B. Hypothalamic prostaglandin production
C. Increased cortisol release
D. Reduced metabolic rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pyrogens stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus,
raising the body’s temperature set point.
11. Which term describes cell death that occurs as a normal, controlled
process?
A. Necrosis
B. Ischemia
C. Apoptosis
D. Autolysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs without inflammation
and is essential for normal tissue regulation.
CHAMBERLAIN NR283 EXAM 1, EXAM 2, EXAM
3 & FINAL EXAM | COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+ LATEST
EXAM 1 – FOUNDATIONS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Which mechanism best explains how cellular injury occurs during
prolonged hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Stabilization of the cell membrane
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases ATP production, leading to failure of the sodium-
potassium pump. This causes sodium and water to enter the cell, resulting in
cellular swelling and injury.
2. A patient with ischemic injury develops lactic acidosis. This occurs
primarily due to:
A. Increased aerobic metabolism
B. Impaired glucose uptake
C. Anaerobic glycolysis
D. Excess insulin secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In ischemia, oxygen deprivation forces cells to rely on anaerobic
glycolysis, producing lactic acid and leading to metabolic acidosis.
,3. Which change is considered a reversible cellular adaptation to chronic
stress?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Hyperplasia
D. DNA fragmentation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperplasia is a reversible increase in cell number in response to
chronic stimulation or stress. Apoptosis and necrosis represent irreversible injury.
4. A nurse reviews lab results showing elevated intracellular calcium. This
finding is most concerning because it can:
A. Inhibit mitochondrial function
B. Improve enzyme activity
C. Reduce membrane permeability
D. Enhance ATP synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes and
disrupts mitochondrial function, leading to cell death.
5. Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis?
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis and results in a
cheese-like appearance due to partial digestion of cells.
,6. Inflammation is initiated primarily to:
A. Eliminate antibodies
B. Prevent tissue perfusion
C. Remove injurious stimuli
D. Suppress immune cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of injury,
remove damaged cells, and initiate tissue repair.
7. Which mediator is responsible for increased vascular permeability during
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Interferon
C. Prostaglandin E2
D. Fibrinogen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells increases capillary permeability,
allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to migrate into tissues.
8. A patient experiences delayed wound healing. Which factor most likely
contributes to this condition?
A. Increased oxygen delivery
B. Adequate protein intake
C. Advanced age
D. Normal glucose levels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Advanced age slows cellular regeneration, collagen synthesis, and
immune response, contributing to delayed wound healing.
, 9. Which immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
A. T lymphocyte
B. Macrophage
C. Neutrophil
D. B lymphocyte
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies
specific to antigens.
10. Fever develops during infection due to:
A. Direct bacterial toxins
B. Hypothalamic prostaglandin production
C. Increased cortisol release
D. Reduced metabolic rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pyrogens stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus,
raising the body’s temperature set point.
11. Which term describes cell death that occurs as a normal, controlled
process?
A. Necrosis
B. Ischemia
C. Apoptosis
D. Autolysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs without inflammation
and is essential for normal tissue regulation.
