PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 – TEST
BANK, PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS PLUS RATIONALES|| LATEST
UPDATE
🧬 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 –
CELLULAR INJURY & ADAPTATION
PRACTICE Q&A (2026 Edition)
SECTION 1 — CELLULAR STRESS & ADAPTATION
1. Hypertrophy refers to:
A. Increase in cell number
B. Increase in cell size
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy increases cell size, not number, often in response to increased workload.
2. Hyperplasia is defined as:
A. Cell death
B. Increased cell number
C. Decreased cell number
D. Cell swelling
,Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
3. Atrophy results from:
A. Increased workload
B. Decreased workload or disuse
C. Genetic mutation
D. Infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Reduced functional demand leads to cell shrinkage and atrophy.
4. Metaplasia describes:
A. Normal cell differentiation
B. Replacement of one cell type with another
C. Cell death
D. Increased cell number
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change from one mature cell type to another.
5. Dysplasia is:
A. Adaptive and always benign
B. Abnormal cell growth that may precede cancer
C. Normal hyperplasia
D. Cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and a precursor to neoplasia.
6. Reversible cell injury often involves:
A. DNA fragmentation
B. Plasma membrane damage
C. Cellular swelling
D. Necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Early reversible injury is marked by hydropic swelling due to ion pump failure.
, 7. Cellular adaptation to stress is necessary to:
A. Prevent homeostasis
B. Increase apoptosis
C. Maintain viability under altered conditions
D. Cause inflammation
Answer: C
Rationale: Adaptation adjusts cell structure/function to withstand stress.
8. Physiologic hypertrophy is seen in:
A. Skeletal muscle after resistance training
B. Liver after toxin exposure
C. Heart in hypertension
D. Bone marrow after anemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Exercise stimulates normal muscle growth.
9. Pathologic hyperplasia can be caused by:
A. Hormonal stimulation
B. Chronic irritation
C. Both A and B
D. Cell necrosis
Answer: C
10. An example of metaplasia is:
A. Barrett’s esophagus
B. Fatty liver
C. Gangrene
D. Acute inflammation
Answer: A
Rationale: Squamous cells replace columnar cells in the esophagus from chronic reflux.
BANK, PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS PLUS RATIONALES|| LATEST
UPDATE
🧬 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 –
CELLULAR INJURY & ADAPTATION
PRACTICE Q&A (2026 Edition)
SECTION 1 — CELLULAR STRESS & ADAPTATION
1. Hypertrophy refers to:
A. Increase in cell number
B. Increase in cell size
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy increases cell size, not number, often in response to increased workload.
2. Hyperplasia is defined as:
A. Cell death
B. Increased cell number
C. Decreased cell number
D. Cell swelling
,Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
3. Atrophy results from:
A. Increased workload
B. Decreased workload or disuse
C. Genetic mutation
D. Infection
Answer: B
Rationale: Reduced functional demand leads to cell shrinkage and atrophy.
4. Metaplasia describes:
A. Normal cell differentiation
B. Replacement of one cell type with another
C. Cell death
D. Increased cell number
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change from one mature cell type to another.
5. Dysplasia is:
A. Adaptive and always benign
B. Abnormal cell growth that may precede cancer
C. Normal hyperplasia
D. Cell death
Answer: B
Rationale: Dysplasia is disordered cellular growth and a precursor to neoplasia.
6. Reversible cell injury often involves:
A. DNA fragmentation
B. Plasma membrane damage
C. Cellular swelling
D. Necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Early reversible injury is marked by hydropic swelling due to ion pump failure.
, 7. Cellular adaptation to stress is necessary to:
A. Prevent homeostasis
B. Increase apoptosis
C. Maintain viability under altered conditions
D. Cause inflammation
Answer: C
Rationale: Adaptation adjusts cell structure/function to withstand stress.
8. Physiologic hypertrophy is seen in:
A. Skeletal muscle after resistance training
B. Liver after toxin exposure
C. Heart in hypertension
D. Bone marrow after anemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Exercise stimulates normal muscle growth.
9. Pathologic hyperplasia can be caused by:
A. Hormonal stimulation
B. Chronic irritation
C. Both A and B
D. Cell necrosis
Answer: C
10. An example of metaplasia is:
A. Barrett’s esophagus
B. Fatty liver
C. Gangrene
D. Acute inflammation
Answer: A
Rationale: Squamous cells replace columnar cells in the esophagus from chronic reflux.
