MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING II HESI LATEST 2026
ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK| COMPLETE 550 REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS WITH WELL -ELABORATED RATIONALES/
ALREADY GRADED A+ (MOST RECENT!!)
Which of the following conditions are associated with oversecretion of
rennin?
A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Diabetes insipidus - Correct Answer - B
Renin is secreted when special cells in the DCT, called the macula densa,
sense changes in blood volume and pressure. When the macula densa cells
sense that blood volume is low, blood pressure is low, or blood sodium levels
are low, renin is secreted. Renin then converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin
I. This leads to a series of reactions that cause the secretion of the hormone
aldosterone. This hormone increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water,
increasing blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels.
Inappropriate or excessive renin secretion is a major cause of persistent
hypertension.
The client is taking a medication for an endocrine problem that inhibits
aldosterone secretion and release. To what complications of this therapy
should the nurse be alert?
A. Dehydration, hypokalemia
pg. 1
,B. Dehydration, hyperkalemia
C. Overhydration, hyponatremia
D. Overhydration, hypernatremia - Correct Answer - B
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that increases the reabsorption of water and
sodium in the kidney at the same time that it promotes excretion of potassium.
Any drug or condition that disrupts aldosterone secretion or release increases
the client's risk for excessive water loss and potassium reabsorption.
What is the result of stimulation of erythropoietin production in the
kidney tissue?
A. Increased blood flow to the kidney
B. Inhibition of vitamin D and loss of bone density
C. Increased bone marrow production of red blood cells
D. Inhibition of the active transport of sodium, leading to hyponatremi -
Correct Answer -C
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and released in response to decreased
oxygen tension in the renal blood supply. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell
(RBC) production in the bone marrow.
Which of the following muscle actions results in voluntary urination?
A. Detrusor contraction, external sphincter contraction
B. Detrusor contraction, external sphincter relaxation
C. Detrusor relaxation, external sphincter contraction
pg. 2
,D. Detrusor relaxation, external sphincter relaxation - Correct Answer -
B
Voiding becomes a voluntary act as a result of learned responses controlled by
the cerebral cortex that cause contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle and
simultaneous relaxation of the external urethral sphincter muscle.
Which change in renal or urinary functioning as a result of the normal
aging process increases the older client's risk for infection?
A. Decreased glomerular filtration
B. Decreased filtrate reabsorption
C. Weakened sphincter muscles
D. Urinary retention - Correct Answer - D
Incomplete bladder emptying for whatever reason increases the client's risk for
urinary tract infections as a result of urine stasis providing an excellent culture
medium that promotes the growth of microorganisms.
The client reports the regular use of all the following medications.
Which one alerts the nurse to the possibility of renal impairment when
used consistently?
A. Antacids
B. Penicillin
C. Antihistamine nasal sprays
D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - Correct Answer - D
pg. 3
, NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production and decrease blood flow to the
nephrons. They can cause an interstitial nephritis and renal impairment.
Which assessment maneuvers should the nurse perform first when
assessing the renal system at the same time as the abdomen?
A. Abdominal percussion
B. Abdominal auscultation
C. Abdominal palpation
D. Renal palpation - Correct Answer - B
Auscultation precedes percussion and palpation because the nurse needs to
auscultate for abdominal bruits before palpation or percussion of the abdominal
and renal components of a physical assessment.
The client has an elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level and an
increased ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine. What is the nurse's
interpretation of these laboratory results?
A. The client probably has a urinary tract infection.
B. The client may be overhydrated.
C. The kidney may be hypoperfused.
D. The kidney may be damaged. - Correct Answer - C
When dehydration or renal hypoperfusion exist, the BUN level rises more rapidly
than the serum creatinine level, causing the ratio to be increased, even when no
renal dysfunction is present.
pg. 4
ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK| COMPLETE 550 REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS WITH WELL -ELABORATED RATIONALES/
ALREADY GRADED A+ (MOST RECENT!!)
Which of the following conditions are associated with oversecretion of
rennin?
A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes mellitus
D. Diabetes insipidus - Correct Answer - B
Renin is secreted when special cells in the DCT, called the macula densa,
sense changes in blood volume and pressure. When the macula densa cells
sense that blood volume is low, blood pressure is low, or blood sodium levels
are low, renin is secreted. Renin then converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin
I. This leads to a series of reactions that cause the secretion of the hormone
aldosterone. This hormone increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water,
increasing blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium levels.
Inappropriate or excessive renin secretion is a major cause of persistent
hypertension.
The client is taking a medication for an endocrine problem that inhibits
aldosterone secretion and release. To what complications of this therapy
should the nurse be alert?
A. Dehydration, hypokalemia
pg. 1
,B. Dehydration, hyperkalemia
C. Overhydration, hyponatremia
D. Overhydration, hypernatremia - Correct Answer - B
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that increases the reabsorption of water and
sodium in the kidney at the same time that it promotes excretion of potassium.
Any drug or condition that disrupts aldosterone secretion or release increases
the client's risk for excessive water loss and potassium reabsorption.
What is the result of stimulation of erythropoietin production in the
kidney tissue?
A. Increased blood flow to the kidney
B. Inhibition of vitamin D and loss of bone density
C. Increased bone marrow production of red blood cells
D. Inhibition of the active transport of sodium, leading to hyponatremi -
Correct Answer -C
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and released in response to decreased
oxygen tension in the renal blood supply. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell
(RBC) production in the bone marrow.
Which of the following muscle actions results in voluntary urination?
A. Detrusor contraction, external sphincter contraction
B. Detrusor contraction, external sphincter relaxation
C. Detrusor relaxation, external sphincter contraction
pg. 2
,D. Detrusor relaxation, external sphincter relaxation - Correct Answer -
B
Voiding becomes a voluntary act as a result of learned responses controlled by
the cerebral cortex that cause contraction of the bladder detrusor muscle and
simultaneous relaxation of the external urethral sphincter muscle.
Which change in renal or urinary functioning as a result of the normal
aging process increases the older client's risk for infection?
A. Decreased glomerular filtration
B. Decreased filtrate reabsorption
C. Weakened sphincter muscles
D. Urinary retention - Correct Answer - D
Incomplete bladder emptying for whatever reason increases the client's risk for
urinary tract infections as a result of urine stasis providing an excellent culture
medium that promotes the growth of microorganisms.
The client reports the regular use of all the following medications.
Which one alerts the nurse to the possibility of renal impairment when
used consistently?
A. Antacids
B. Penicillin
C. Antihistamine nasal sprays
D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug - Correct Answer - D
pg. 3
, NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production and decrease blood flow to the
nephrons. They can cause an interstitial nephritis and renal impairment.
Which assessment maneuvers should the nurse perform first when
assessing the renal system at the same time as the abdomen?
A. Abdominal percussion
B. Abdominal auscultation
C. Abdominal palpation
D. Renal palpation - Correct Answer - B
Auscultation precedes percussion and palpation because the nurse needs to
auscultate for abdominal bruits before palpation or percussion of the abdominal
and renal components of a physical assessment.
The client has an elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level and an
increased ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine. What is the nurse's
interpretation of these laboratory results?
A. The client probably has a urinary tract infection.
B. The client may be overhydrated.
C. The kidney may be hypoperfused.
D. The kidney may be damaged. - Correct Answer - C
When dehydration or renal hypoperfusion exist, the BUN level rises more rapidly
than the serum creatinine level, causing the ratio to be increased, even when no
renal dysfunction is present.
pg. 4
