MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% RATED CORRECT WITH 100%
SURE PASS|GRADED A+
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an
immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - CORRECT ANSWERS Lesions that involve all or most (>
50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli
are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - CORRECT ANSWERS When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion
(< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and
most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Associated with glomerulonephritis and an
immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and
plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex
deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this
,forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other
cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial
fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the
calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
, Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - CORRECT ANSWERS inherited disease in which sacs of fluid
called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule
cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Painless hematuria that is gross
(i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as
opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due to detrusor
overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more
advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass
(if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS treat underlying cause and facilitating
urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
Exam QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% RATED CORRECT WITH 100%
SURE PASS|GRADED A+
Nephrotic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an
immune response that is noninflammatory.
Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - CORRECT ANSWERS Lesions that involve all or most (>
50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli
are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - CORRECT ANSWERS When a whole glomerulus
(singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion
(< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and
most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
Nephritic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Associated with glomerulonephritis and an
immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and
plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and
hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex
deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage
Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to an increase in
glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this
,forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other
cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to glomerular scar
formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial
fibrosis.
necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to cellular death.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS A common, nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the
bladder; major sign is hematuria
Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
Hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the
calyces of one or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
, Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - CORRECT ANSWERS inherited disease in which sacs of fluid
called cysts develop in the kidneys
Renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule
cells; most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected, then
manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS Painless hematuria that is gross
(i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as
opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur due to detrusor
overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also manifestations of more
advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass
(if advanced) and prostate induration.
Treatment for hydronephrosis - CORRECT ANSWERS treat underlying cause and facilitating
urine flow will be necessary if UTIs develop.
