Med Surg 2 Exam 1 - Management of Electrolyte and Fluid Imbalances |
Actual Latest 2026 Test | Verified Solutions
Med Surg Exam 1
Mgmt of Electrolyte Imbalances
Sodium
Na + (135-145)
(extra)
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium
K (3.5-5)
(intra)
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Calcium
Ca (9-10.5)
Hypocalcemia S/s Causes: Mgmt:
Hypercalcemia S/s Causes: Mgmt:
-polyuria -malignancy -treat underlying
>10.2 mg/dL -thirst -hyperparathyroidism cause
-muscle weakness -bone loss r/t -administer IV fluids
Hypercalcemia crisis -intractable nausea immobility (dilute calcium to
has high mortality -abdominal cramps -diuretics help kidneys),
-severe constipation furosemide,
-diarrhea phosphates,
-peptic ulcer calcitonin (moves
-bone pain calcium from blood
-ECG changes back to bone) ,
-dysrhythmias (w/ bisphosphonates
QT changes)
Magnesium
Mg (1.5-2.5)
intra
Hypomagnesemia s/s Causes: Mgmt:
-Chvostek and -alcoholism -magnesium sulfate
(like hypocalcemia) Trousseau signs -GI losses (vomiting) IV is administered
-apathy -enteral or parenteral with an infusion
<1.3 mg/dl (13 going -depressed modd feeding deficient in pump
on 30) -psychosis magnesium -monitor v/s (cardiac
-neuromuscular -medications rhythm) and urine
, (associated with irritability -rapid administration output
hypokalemia ( K and -muscle weakness of citrated blood (to -oral magnesium (if
hypocalcemia Ca) -tremors prev. coag) not severe deficit)
-ECG changes -monitor for
-Dysrhythmias (v dysphagia (problems
tach, lethal Torsauds swallowing)
dupoints (wringing -seizure precautions
towel) (don’t even bump the
bed)
-dietary teaching
Hypermagnesemia S/s Causes: Mgmt:
-kidney injury
Serum level >3 -hypoactive reflexes -diabetic ketoacidosis -IV calcium
mg/dl -drowsiness -excessive gluconate
-muscle weakness administration of -Hemodialysis
-depressed magnesium -administration of
respirations -extensive soft tissue loop diuretics,
-ECG changes injury sodium chloride, and
-dysrhythmias LR (N/s) sodium
(slowing down, chloride, stim.
bradycardia) Kidneys to stim
-cardiac. Arrest release of mag.
(green leafy -Avoid meds
vegetables) containing
magnesium
-pt teaching
regarding
magnesium-
containing OTC
meds
-Observe the DTR’s
(more and more
decreased or not) and
changes in LOC
(more intense)
Phosphorous
Phos. (2-4.5 mEq/L
intra
Hypophosphatemia s/s Causes: (treat the Med Mgmt:
cause) -oral or IV
Phos <2 -neurologic phosphorous
symptoms -alcoholism replacement
-confusion -refeeding of pts after
-muscle weakness starvation Nursing Mgmt:
Actual Latest 2026 Test | Verified Solutions
Med Surg Exam 1
Mgmt of Electrolyte Imbalances
Sodium
Na + (135-145)
(extra)
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium
K (3.5-5)
(intra)
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Calcium
Ca (9-10.5)
Hypocalcemia S/s Causes: Mgmt:
Hypercalcemia S/s Causes: Mgmt:
-polyuria -malignancy -treat underlying
>10.2 mg/dL -thirst -hyperparathyroidism cause
-muscle weakness -bone loss r/t -administer IV fluids
Hypercalcemia crisis -intractable nausea immobility (dilute calcium to
has high mortality -abdominal cramps -diuretics help kidneys),
-severe constipation furosemide,
-diarrhea phosphates,
-peptic ulcer calcitonin (moves
-bone pain calcium from blood
-ECG changes back to bone) ,
-dysrhythmias (w/ bisphosphonates
QT changes)
Magnesium
Mg (1.5-2.5)
intra
Hypomagnesemia s/s Causes: Mgmt:
-Chvostek and -alcoholism -magnesium sulfate
(like hypocalcemia) Trousseau signs -GI losses (vomiting) IV is administered
-apathy -enteral or parenteral with an infusion
<1.3 mg/dl (13 going -depressed modd feeding deficient in pump
on 30) -psychosis magnesium -monitor v/s (cardiac
-neuromuscular -medications rhythm) and urine
, (associated with irritability -rapid administration output
hypokalemia ( K and -muscle weakness of citrated blood (to -oral magnesium (if
hypocalcemia Ca) -tremors prev. coag) not severe deficit)
-ECG changes -monitor for
-Dysrhythmias (v dysphagia (problems
tach, lethal Torsauds swallowing)
dupoints (wringing -seizure precautions
towel) (don’t even bump the
bed)
-dietary teaching
Hypermagnesemia S/s Causes: Mgmt:
-kidney injury
Serum level >3 -hypoactive reflexes -diabetic ketoacidosis -IV calcium
mg/dl -drowsiness -excessive gluconate
-muscle weakness administration of -Hemodialysis
-depressed magnesium -administration of
respirations -extensive soft tissue loop diuretics,
-ECG changes injury sodium chloride, and
-dysrhythmias LR (N/s) sodium
(slowing down, chloride, stim.
bradycardia) Kidneys to stim
-cardiac. Arrest release of mag.
(green leafy -Avoid meds
vegetables) containing
magnesium
-pt teaching
regarding
magnesium-
containing OTC
meds
-Observe the DTR’s
(more and more
decreased or not) and
changes in LOC
(more intense)
Phosphorous
Phos. (2-4.5 mEq/L
intra
Hypophosphatemia s/s Causes: (treat the Med Mgmt:
cause) -oral or IV
Phos <2 -neurologic phosphorous
symptoms -alcoholism replacement
-confusion -refeeding of pts after
-muscle weakness starvation Nursing Mgmt:
