1|Page
PUBH 6011 Final Latest Update Exam | Questions and
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A +
Understand the major function of cells - ANSWER Cell
differentiation: in bone marrow, adult stem cell can reproduce
and splits to either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor, which can
then differentiate into many kinds of cells
Homeostasis and cell injury: many adverse biological effects
occur when cells are damaged, damage can be to any part of
the cell, causes can be infectious agents, oxygen deprivation,
trauma, chemicals, nutritional imbalances
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis - ANSWER Apoptosis- programmed cell
death, active, orderly and organized; requires energy a plan and
enzymatic degradation of proteins/dna; produces neatly packed
cell fragments that are recycled
Necrosis- cell damage and death, passive and disorderly;
produces cell debris
Bacteria vs Virus - ANSWER bacteria
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-prokaryotic cell
-most are free living
-relatively large
-antibiotics used to kill
Virus
-not a living cell (genes packaged in protein shell)
-intracellular parasite
-1/1000 size of a bacteria
-vaccine used to prevent
-antiviral treatment
protein synthesis - ANSWER the formation of proteins by using
information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
DNA transcription RNA translation protein
Role of DNA - ANSWER storing information, copying
information, and transmitting information
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Role of mRNA in protein synthesis (transcription) - ANSWER
single stranded messenger that carries the genetic information
copied from DNA in the form of a series of a three base code of
words.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis (translation) - ANSWER is the
key to diciphering the code words from mRNA
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - ANSWER ribosomes are
complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins
found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They
bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins.
Explain how biological and genetic factors can influence our
response to environmental hazards - ANSWER mutagens-
pollutants in the environment that can enter the body and
directly change your DNA sequence (ex. the chemicals in
cigarette smoke can cause cancer)
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Gene-gene interactions: ○ occur when pollutants in the
environment do not change your DNA sequence, but rather
cause a chain reaction that affects the functioning of one gene
that then affects the functioning of another gene
■ Ex. Regularly drinking way too much alcohol can cause the
gene TACE not to produce enough of its protein. TACE protein is
supposed to help the MTHFR gene make enough of its protein.
Too little MTHRF protein changes the level of folate in our
blood, and low folate levels may cause depression.
○ Transcription factors - pollutants in the environment can
indirectly affect the DNA sequence by altering transcription
factors, which are responsible for starting the process of using
genes to make proteins that are needed for different functions
in the body
■ Ex. stress can change the amount of proteins made by genes
involved in your immune system and therefore, you may get
sick more easily when you're stressed
○ Epigenetics - the environment can alter your health by
affecting the proteins that turns genes on or off
■ Half the genes that cause familial or inherited cancer are
turned off when pollutants in the environment affect these
PUBH 6011 Final Latest Update Exam | Questions and
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A +
Understand the major function of cells - ANSWER Cell
differentiation: in bone marrow, adult stem cell can reproduce
and splits to either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor, which can
then differentiate into many kinds of cells
Homeostasis and cell injury: many adverse biological effects
occur when cells are damaged, damage can be to any part of
the cell, causes can be infectious agents, oxygen deprivation,
trauma, chemicals, nutritional imbalances
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis - ANSWER Apoptosis- programmed cell
death, active, orderly and organized; requires energy a plan and
enzymatic degradation of proteins/dna; produces neatly packed
cell fragments that are recycled
Necrosis- cell damage and death, passive and disorderly;
produces cell debris
Bacteria vs Virus - ANSWER bacteria
,2|Page
-prokaryotic cell
-most are free living
-relatively large
-antibiotics used to kill
Virus
-not a living cell (genes packaged in protein shell)
-intracellular parasite
-1/1000 size of a bacteria
-vaccine used to prevent
-antiviral treatment
protein synthesis - ANSWER the formation of proteins by using
information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
DNA transcription RNA translation protein
Role of DNA - ANSWER storing information, copying
information, and transmitting information
,3|Page
Role of mRNA in protein synthesis (transcription) - ANSWER
single stranded messenger that carries the genetic information
copied from DNA in the form of a series of a three base code of
words.
Role of tRNA in protein synthesis (translation) - ANSWER is the
key to diciphering the code words from mRNA
Role of ribosomes in protein synthesis - ANSWER ribosomes are
complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins
found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They
bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins.
Explain how biological and genetic factors can influence our
response to environmental hazards - ANSWER mutagens-
pollutants in the environment that can enter the body and
directly change your DNA sequence (ex. the chemicals in
cigarette smoke can cause cancer)
, 4|Page
Gene-gene interactions: ○ occur when pollutants in the
environment do not change your DNA sequence, but rather
cause a chain reaction that affects the functioning of one gene
that then affects the functioning of another gene
■ Ex. Regularly drinking way too much alcohol can cause the
gene TACE not to produce enough of its protein. TACE protein is
supposed to help the MTHFR gene make enough of its protein.
Too little MTHRF protein changes the level of folate in our
blood, and low folate levels may cause depression.
○ Transcription factors - pollutants in the environment can
indirectly affect the DNA sequence by altering transcription
factors, which are responsible for starting the process of using
genes to make proteins that are needed for different functions
in the body
■ Ex. stress can change the amount of proteins made by genes
involved in your immune system and therefore, you may get
sick more easily when you're stressed
○ Epigenetics - the environment can alter your health by
affecting the proteins that turns genes on or off
■ Half the genes that cause familial or inherited cancer are
turned off when pollutants in the environment affect these
