1|Page
PUBH 6011 Final GW LaPuma Latest Update Exam | Questions and
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A +
Major cell functions - ANSWER Major cell functions: provide
structure and support, facilitate growth through mitosis, allow
passive and active transport, produce energy, create metabolic
reactions, aid in reproduction
Difference between viruses and bacteria - ANSWER Viruses are
not living, cannot survive without a host, and cannot maintain
homeostasis. Naked viruses are environmentally stable and
envelope viruses can be easily disrupted
Bacteria are living, prokaryotic organisms. They can live in
extreme environments and can live in symbiotic and parasitic
relationships with plants and animals.
Protein synthesis and the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and
ribosomes - ANSWER DNA is the genetic code that is comprised
of a phosphate backbone, sugar (deoxyribose), and a
nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine). It
is a double-stranded ladder that wraps around to form histones
(which form chromosomes).
,2|Page
Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (enzyme) and
transcription factors. RNA polymerase matches complementary
base pairings with the original DNA strand. Once the mRNA
strand is created, it can serve as a code for protein synthesis
during translation. Translation is when a protein is built using
the mRNA code. Ribosomes read the code (3 bases at a time)
and then create a chain of amino acids. Then, tRNA comes
along to carry the proper amino acid to the ribosome. Then, the
chain folds into a 3D shape to form a protein.
mRNA (messenger RNA) is used in transcription and translation;
it is created from the original DNA strand.
tRNA (transfer RNA) is used to match a codon in an mRNA chain
with the amino acid it codes for.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis; they link amino
acids together in the order specified by mRNA
How biological and genetic factors can influence response to
environmental hazards - ANSWER Genetic factors can play a
role in heredity and age, and can increase risk of
noncommunicable diseases.
Polymorphisms and mutations cause variation by changing the
function of proteins. Many proteins (enzymes, receptors, etc)
,3|Page
are associated with personal responses to chemicals, drugs, and
other exposures.
Role of microbiome in disease prevention - ANSWER The
microbiome stimulates the immune system, breaks down
potentially toxic compounds, and synthesizes vitamins and
amino acids. A healthy microbiome will provide protection
against pathogenic organisms that enter the body. Anaerobic
bacteria in the colon and other low-oxygen environments are
believed to prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria by
competing for nutrients and attachment sites to the mucous
membranes of the gut, a major site of immune activity and
production of antimicrobial proteins.
How environmental factors influence genetic expression -
ANSWER Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed
(turned on/off). This results in heritable changes in phenotype
without changes in DNA (genotype).
Mutagens, or genotoxic compounds, are compounds that are
directly able to, or with metabolic activation, alter DNA
(through point mutation or chromosomal aberrations).
, 4|Page
Nongenotoxic compounds do not directly alter DNA, but may
increase the risk of cancer by increasing the chance of
replication errors or increased number of cells at risk.
Genetic mutations - ANSWER Base Pair Substitutions occur
when there is a change in DNA sequence. There are 3 kinds:
silent mutations occur when there is a change in the base pair,
but the codon still codes for the same amino acid; nonsense
mutations occur when the change in the base pair leads to a
codon for stop (instead of coding for an amino acid); missense
mutations occur when the change in base pair leads to a
different amino acid to be coded for. Missense mutations can be
conservative (new amino acid has similar chemical makeup and
the change doesn't affect the protein much) or nonconservative
(new amino acid will change structure and function of the
protein)
Frameshift Mutations occur when there is an insertion or
deletion of at least one base pair. This will almost always lead to
an altered protein (that is usually non-functional)
Macrolesions are chromosomal aberrations or mutations. These
are often caused by effects on mitosis, not the DNA. This can
result in changes to the chromosome structure. There are four
types: deletions, translocation, duplication, inversion.
PUBH 6011 Final GW LaPuma Latest Update Exam | Questions and
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A +
Major cell functions - ANSWER Major cell functions: provide
structure and support, facilitate growth through mitosis, allow
passive and active transport, produce energy, create metabolic
reactions, aid in reproduction
Difference between viruses and bacteria - ANSWER Viruses are
not living, cannot survive without a host, and cannot maintain
homeostasis. Naked viruses are environmentally stable and
envelope viruses can be easily disrupted
Bacteria are living, prokaryotic organisms. They can live in
extreme environments and can live in symbiotic and parasitic
relationships with plants and animals.
Protein synthesis and the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and
ribosomes - ANSWER DNA is the genetic code that is comprised
of a phosphate backbone, sugar (deoxyribose), and a
nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine). It
is a double-stranded ladder that wraps around to form histones
(which form chromosomes).
,2|Page
Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase (enzyme) and
transcription factors. RNA polymerase matches complementary
base pairings with the original DNA strand. Once the mRNA
strand is created, it can serve as a code for protein synthesis
during translation. Translation is when a protein is built using
the mRNA code. Ribosomes read the code (3 bases at a time)
and then create a chain of amino acids. Then, tRNA comes
along to carry the proper amino acid to the ribosome. Then, the
chain folds into a 3D shape to form a protein.
mRNA (messenger RNA) is used in transcription and translation;
it is created from the original DNA strand.
tRNA (transfer RNA) is used to match a codon in an mRNA chain
with the amino acid it codes for.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis; they link amino
acids together in the order specified by mRNA
How biological and genetic factors can influence response to
environmental hazards - ANSWER Genetic factors can play a
role in heredity and age, and can increase risk of
noncommunicable diseases.
Polymorphisms and mutations cause variation by changing the
function of proteins. Many proteins (enzymes, receptors, etc)
,3|Page
are associated with personal responses to chemicals, drugs, and
other exposures.
Role of microbiome in disease prevention - ANSWER The
microbiome stimulates the immune system, breaks down
potentially toxic compounds, and synthesizes vitamins and
amino acids. A healthy microbiome will provide protection
against pathogenic organisms that enter the body. Anaerobic
bacteria in the colon and other low-oxygen environments are
believed to prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria by
competing for nutrients and attachment sites to the mucous
membranes of the gut, a major site of immune activity and
production of antimicrobial proteins.
How environmental factors influence genetic expression -
ANSWER Epigenetics determines which genes are expressed
(turned on/off). This results in heritable changes in phenotype
without changes in DNA (genotype).
Mutagens, or genotoxic compounds, are compounds that are
directly able to, or with metabolic activation, alter DNA
(through point mutation or chromosomal aberrations).
, 4|Page
Nongenotoxic compounds do not directly alter DNA, but may
increase the risk of cancer by increasing the chance of
replication errors or increased number of cells at risk.
Genetic mutations - ANSWER Base Pair Substitutions occur
when there is a change in DNA sequence. There are 3 kinds:
silent mutations occur when there is a change in the base pair,
but the codon still codes for the same amino acid; nonsense
mutations occur when the change in the base pair leads to a
codon for stop (instead of coding for an amino acid); missense
mutations occur when the change in base pair leads to a
different amino acid to be coded for. Missense mutations can be
conservative (new amino acid has similar chemical makeup and
the change doesn't affect the protein much) or nonconservative
(new amino acid will change structure and function of the
protein)
Frameshift Mutations occur when there is an insertion or
deletion of at least one base pair. This will almost always lead to
an altered protein (that is usually non-functional)
Macrolesions are chromosomal aberrations or mutations. These
are often caused by effects on mitosis, not the DNA. This can
result in changes to the chromosome structure. There are four
types: deletions, translocation, duplication, inversion.
