1
Nursing 1 Final Exam Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers)
Already Graded A+
Hypovolemia (Fluid Volume Deficit) Ans: Risk factors:
Hypovolemic shock (Fatal!), tachycardia and decreased blood
© 2026 Assignment
pressure, decrease urine output.
clinical manifestations: Dizziness, poor skin turgor, N/V, daily
Guru01 - Stuvia
weights (same clothes, time, and scale).
Expert
Diagnostics: H/H, BUN/Cr, Sodium
Interventions: Fluid management, Hypovolemia therapy, IV
therapy, shock management: volume
Nursing Dx: Fluid Volume deficit
Hypervolemia (Fluid Volume Excess) Ans: Risk Factors:
Pulmonary congestion
Clinical Manifestations: Jugular venous distention (JVD),
Edema, Moist lung sounds, pulmonary and tissue edema.
Diagnostics: H/H, CXR, ABG
Interventions: Hold fluids
Nursing Dx: Fluid Volume Excess
, 2
Hypokalemia (Low Potassium ion) Ans: Risk Factors: lasix,
diarrhea, vomiting, NG suction, alkalosis
Clinical Manifestations: hypoactive bowel sounds, EKG
changes, muscle weakness, trouble breathing
Diagnostics: Potassium and ABG
Interventions: Electrolyte management, Dysrhythmia
management (EKG needed!), Give Potassium chloride (no more
© 2026 Assignment
than 20 ml/hr or 10 ml/hr peripheral. Never push potassium!
If given PO, give with food to prevent GI upset.)
Guru01 - Stuvia
Hyperkalemia (High Potassium ion) Ans: Risk Factors: Renal
Expert
insufficiency, too many foods high in potassium, acidosis
Clinical manifestations: irregular heart beat, PVC, hyperactive
bowel (diarrhea), decrease urinary output, restlessness,
irritable, fluid paralysis
Diagnostics: Potassium, BUN/Cr, ABG
Interventions: Electrolyte management (Insulin/D50), Sodium
polystyrene sulfonate (K-exolate), Lasix (only if kidneys are
working), Sodium Bicarb, Diet, Dialysis. Dysrhythmia
management
Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium ion) Ans: Risk factors: Chron's,
parathyroid issues, pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency, high
phosphate
Clinical Manifestations: Tetany (tingling in hands, mouth, and
feet), Chvostek's sign (tap on nerve in the face and twitch
occurs), Trousseau's sign (hand flexes while BP is taken),
continuous contraction of muscles.
, 3
Diagnostics: Calcium <9, ECG
Interventions: Electrolyte and dysrhythmia management, give
Tums or PhosLo
Nursing Dx: Decreased cardiac activity, Ineffective breathing
pattern
Hypophosphotemia (Low phosphorus ion) Ans: *Common in
alcoholics*
© 2026 Assignment
Risk Factors: alcoholism, diet, too many calcium antacids
Guru01 - Stuvia
Expert
Clinical Manifestations: weakness, decreased bowel
movements
Diagnostics:
Interventions: Electrolyte and dysrhythmia management
Nursing Dx: Decreased cardiac output, Activity intolerance,
Ineffective breathing pattern.
Changes in the older adult that affect Fluid and electrolytes:
Ans: loss of elasticity of the skin, loss of adipose tissue
decrease in glomerular filtration and concentrating ability of
the kidneys, loss of muscle mass, and diminished thirst reflex.
Isotonic Fluid Ans: Normal Saline(0.9%NaCl), D5W (5% dextrose
in water), Lactated Ringer's
Hypertonic Fluid Ans: 5% or 3% Sodium Chloride, D10W(10%
dextrose in water), D5NS (5% dextrose in NS), D5LR (5%
dextrose in LR.
Nursing 1 Final Exam Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers)
Already Graded A+
Hypovolemia (Fluid Volume Deficit) Ans: Risk factors:
Hypovolemic shock (Fatal!), tachycardia and decreased blood
© 2026 Assignment
pressure, decrease urine output.
clinical manifestations: Dizziness, poor skin turgor, N/V, daily
Guru01 - Stuvia
weights (same clothes, time, and scale).
Expert
Diagnostics: H/H, BUN/Cr, Sodium
Interventions: Fluid management, Hypovolemia therapy, IV
therapy, shock management: volume
Nursing Dx: Fluid Volume deficit
Hypervolemia (Fluid Volume Excess) Ans: Risk Factors:
Pulmonary congestion
Clinical Manifestations: Jugular venous distention (JVD),
Edema, Moist lung sounds, pulmonary and tissue edema.
Diagnostics: H/H, CXR, ABG
Interventions: Hold fluids
Nursing Dx: Fluid Volume Excess
, 2
Hypokalemia (Low Potassium ion) Ans: Risk Factors: lasix,
diarrhea, vomiting, NG suction, alkalosis
Clinical Manifestations: hypoactive bowel sounds, EKG
changes, muscle weakness, trouble breathing
Diagnostics: Potassium and ABG
Interventions: Electrolyte management, Dysrhythmia
management (EKG needed!), Give Potassium chloride (no more
© 2026 Assignment
than 20 ml/hr or 10 ml/hr peripheral. Never push potassium!
If given PO, give with food to prevent GI upset.)
Guru01 - Stuvia
Hyperkalemia (High Potassium ion) Ans: Risk Factors: Renal
Expert
insufficiency, too many foods high in potassium, acidosis
Clinical manifestations: irregular heart beat, PVC, hyperactive
bowel (diarrhea), decrease urinary output, restlessness,
irritable, fluid paralysis
Diagnostics: Potassium, BUN/Cr, ABG
Interventions: Electrolyte management (Insulin/D50), Sodium
polystyrene sulfonate (K-exolate), Lasix (only if kidneys are
working), Sodium Bicarb, Diet, Dialysis. Dysrhythmia
management
Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium ion) Ans: Risk factors: Chron's,
parathyroid issues, pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency, high
phosphate
Clinical Manifestations: Tetany (tingling in hands, mouth, and
feet), Chvostek's sign (tap on nerve in the face and twitch
occurs), Trousseau's sign (hand flexes while BP is taken),
continuous contraction of muscles.
, 3
Diagnostics: Calcium <9, ECG
Interventions: Electrolyte and dysrhythmia management, give
Tums or PhosLo
Nursing Dx: Decreased cardiac activity, Ineffective breathing
pattern
Hypophosphotemia (Low phosphorus ion) Ans: *Common in
alcoholics*
© 2026 Assignment
Risk Factors: alcoholism, diet, too many calcium antacids
Guru01 - Stuvia
Expert
Clinical Manifestations: weakness, decreased bowel
movements
Diagnostics:
Interventions: Electrolyte and dysrhythmia management
Nursing Dx: Decreased cardiac output, Activity intolerance,
Ineffective breathing pattern.
Changes in the older adult that affect Fluid and electrolytes:
Ans: loss of elasticity of the skin, loss of adipose tissue
decrease in glomerular filtration and concentrating ability of
the kidneys, loss of muscle mass, and diminished thirst reflex.
Isotonic Fluid Ans: Normal Saline(0.9%NaCl), D5W (5% dextrose
in water), Lactated Ringer's
Hypertonic Fluid Ans: 5% or 3% Sodium Chloride, D10W(10%
dextrose in water), D5NS (5% dextrose in NS), D5LR (5%
dextrose in LR.
