Lecture 3 Questions with complete
solution 2025/2026
Types of Risk: * - correct answer ✔Physical
Side effects
Psychological
Traumatic events revisited
Economic
Job loss due to known participation
Social
Exclusion due to known participation
Legal
Researcher can be subpoenaed for their data
Confidentiality:* - correct answer ✔Directly identifying information
You know who the person is (e.g. PHN, SIN, email address)
Indirectly identifying information
When info is grouped together, you know who the person is (e.g. DOB)
Coded information
You replaced the identifying info with a study ID in the dataset but you have a separate list of the study
IDs and who they correspond to
Anonymized information
,Same as coded except you throw away the master list and therefore can never link the study IDs back to
the individuals
Anonymous information
You never collected any identifying information (e.g. survey)
2 Conceptualization of health and explain each - correct answer ✔Personal trouble:
As researchers we want to better understand the lived experience of disease:
How do people make sense of their risk for disease?
How do they manage their suffering?
How do they go about getting treatment?
How does their lived experience affect them and their families?
Provides us with important understanding about the dimensions of health and illness including
information about public health policy
Public issue:
Move beyond individual to understand culture, politics, history, and economics that shape health
Local level:
Local bylaws
How the community is organized (e.g. green space)
National level:
Legislation surrounding advertising (e.g. tobacco or pharmaceutical products)
International level:
Climate change, globalization, political conflict and war...
, It is this dual nature of disease, biologically and socially, that requires an understanding at the individual
level of the body/mind and at the public health level as it relates to health policy and social
determinants of health.
Research Paradigms - correct answer ✔While many similarities in the broad range of research
questions we might ask—as in how we might conceptualize health (biologically and socially), the kinds of
knowledge called for and the methods necessary to address them differ in important ways.
These differences reflect different research paradigms.
What is a Paradigm? - correct answer ✔A 'paradigm' refers to the assumptive base underlying a
particular investigation or enquiry that has been undertaken
Within the context of health-related research, a research paradigm reflects beliefs about what
constitutes knowledge and how that knowledge is generated.
is often used to illustrate differences in methodological approaches
______ _____ have an important influence on the way researchers set up their study objectives and
designs
Thus, they have an important influence on how and what knowledge is produced - correct answer
✔Paradigmatic differences
A researcher'___ ___relates to their epistemological and ontological points of view
Epistemiology
A branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of knowledge and truth or justified belief
Ontology
The study of the nature of reality
Thus, health researchers vary greatly in the their views surrounding the nature of knowledge and what
constitutes reality - correct answer ✔paradigmatic posture
solution 2025/2026
Types of Risk: * - correct answer ✔Physical
Side effects
Psychological
Traumatic events revisited
Economic
Job loss due to known participation
Social
Exclusion due to known participation
Legal
Researcher can be subpoenaed for their data
Confidentiality:* - correct answer ✔Directly identifying information
You know who the person is (e.g. PHN, SIN, email address)
Indirectly identifying information
When info is grouped together, you know who the person is (e.g. DOB)
Coded information
You replaced the identifying info with a study ID in the dataset but you have a separate list of the study
IDs and who they correspond to
Anonymized information
,Same as coded except you throw away the master list and therefore can never link the study IDs back to
the individuals
Anonymous information
You never collected any identifying information (e.g. survey)
2 Conceptualization of health and explain each - correct answer ✔Personal trouble:
As researchers we want to better understand the lived experience of disease:
How do people make sense of their risk for disease?
How do they manage their suffering?
How do they go about getting treatment?
How does their lived experience affect them and their families?
Provides us with important understanding about the dimensions of health and illness including
information about public health policy
Public issue:
Move beyond individual to understand culture, politics, history, and economics that shape health
Local level:
Local bylaws
How the community is organized (e.g. green space)
National level:
Legislation surrounding advertising (e.g. tobacco or pharmaceutical products)
International level:
Climate change, globalization, political conflict and war...
, It is this dual nature of disease, biologically and socially, that requires an understanding at the individual
level of the body/mind and at the public health level as it relates to health policy and social
determinants of health.
Research Paradigms - correct answer ✔While many similarities in the broad range of research
questions we might ask—as in how we might conceptualize health (biologically and socially), the kinds of
knowledge called for and the methods necessary to address them differ in important ways.
These differences reflect different research paradigms.
What is a Paradigm? - correct answer ✔A 'paradigm' refers to the assumptive base underlying a
particular investigation or enquiry that has been undertaken
Within the context of health-related research, a research paradigm reflects beliefs about what
constitutes knowledge and how that knowledge is generated.
is often used to illustrate differences in methodological approaches
______ _____ have an important influence on the way researchers set up their study objectives and
designs
Thus, they have an important influence on how and what knowledge is produced - correct answer
✔Paradigmatic differences
A researcher'___ ___relates to their epistemological and ontological points of view
Epistemiology
A branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of knowledge and truth or justified belief
Ontology
The study of the nature of reality
Thus, health researchers vary greatly in the their views surrounding the nature of knowledge and what
constitutes reality - correct answer ✔paradigmatic posture
