PS 268 TEST 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PS 268 TEST 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Erythoxylon Coca - Answers Leaves of the coca plant -Trace amounts of cocaine (less than 1% by weight) -Chewed to help labourers get through work -No addiction -500kg of coca leaves makes 1kg of cocaine Albert (Alfred) Nieman - Answers 1859 Germany, PhD thesis started purification of cocain from coca leaves Cocaine Wine - Answers Angelo Mariani, French Chemist, coca extract Karl Koller - Answers Austrian ophthalmologist introduced cocaine as local anesthetic for eye surgery Sigmund Freud - Answers Advocated for cocaine, said it helped morphine addiction -Later realized it caused a worse cocaine addiction and retracted his praises -Discovered cocaines anaesthetic properties but its discovery is not linked to him Cocaine Hydrochloride - Answers White powder typically associated with the name "cocaine" -Higher dependency than chewing, lower dependency than crack -Unlawful possession is subject to up to $1000 fine and max 6 months in prison -Blocks reuptake of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. -Half life 1 hour, Urine; 8 hours Freebase - Answers Removal of the hydrochloride, leaving only the base -Heated and vapours inhaled Crack - Answers Cocaine mixed with water and baking soda, then dried which turns into a lump of crack -Crackles when heated -Essentially cocaine -Vapours smoked Procaine - Answers Novocain 1905 Cocaine Acute Toxicity - Answers -Chaotic heart rhythm called ventricular fibrillation by preventing the vagus nerve from controlling the heartbeat -Intravenous can experience allergic reaction and fill lungs with fluid leading to dead Cocals - Answers Small one hectare patches of coca purity 50-75% Coca Paste - Answers Crude extract containing cocaine in a smokeable form Cocaethylene - Answers Combination of alcohol and cocaine can form this substance More potent than coke in mice, less potent in humans Chronic Cocaine Toxicity - Answers -Irritated nasal septum leading to a runny nose -Burns, cuts and open sores or wounds on lips -Irritability, restlessness, paranoia, auditory hallucinations -Damage to heart Crack Baby - Answers Miscarriage, torn placenta Paranoid Psychosi - Answers Lose touch with reality and experience auditory hallucniations Ephedrine - Answers Stimulant naturally found in a "ma huang" plant Used to treat asthma Sympathomimetic drug (Sympathetic ANS) and can dilate bronchial passages Amphetamine - Answers Purified ephedrine Patented 1932 1935 tested to treat narcolepsy Similar structure to the catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine) Release more dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and block reuptake Methamphetamine - Answers Modified amphetamine, addition of a simple methyl (-CH3) group Added methyl group makes the molecule faster at penetrating the blood-brain barrier and more CNS potency New form from Russia destroys neurons that control initiation and termination of movement and cause symptoms of parkinsons disease Tochphlaxis - Answers Rapid tolerance in high doses Amphetamine Toxicity - Answers Paranoia, decisions impaired, compulsion and repetitive actions Opium - Answers Produced by the poppy plant Papaver Somniferum (The poppy that brings sleep) Contains morphine, codeine and thebaine Can be counteracted with naloxone Triad: Coma, depressed respiration, pinpoint pupils reduced sex drive nausea Hypodermic Needle - Answers Made morphine injections possible (analgesic properties) 1953 Smoking Opium - Answers low concentration of opium is negated by the extremely rapid delivery of that opium into the brain, smoking quite addictive (China) -Started by Columbus (before was eaten) Chinese Immigration Act - Answers Tax on Chinese to enter Canada (1885): $50 1900: $100 1903: $500 (2 years wages) The Opium Act - Answers 1908 An Act to prohibit the importation, manufacture and sale of opium for other than the medicinal purposes The Opium and Narcotic Drug Act - Answers 1911 An Act to prohibit the improper use of Opium and other Drugs Chinese Exclusion Act - Answers Chinese immigrants deemed the culprits in the opium trade; except for specific cases (merchant, diplomat, student, etc) Chinese citizens were banned from immigrating to Canada (Act repealed in 1947) Morphine - Answers 10x More potent than opium Named after the god of dreams First real anaesthetic, helped stop diarrhea deaths I.V : 4-10mg Intramuscular dosage: 10mg per 70kg body weight every 4 hours Codeine - Answers another alkaloid of opium discovered 1832 named after greek "poppy head" cough suppressant Heroin - Answers 2 Acetyl groups added to morphine in lab creating diacetylmorphine placed on market 1898 by Bayer 3x As potent as morphine due to the increased lipid solubility of heroin molecule -Get to brain faster, basically morphine after that -American Troops use in Vietnam: 5%, sniffed smoked or even ate -Price is going down purity is going up -Warmth and tingling in lower abdomen, euphoria, drowsiness. "feels like a hug" Lethal dose: 350mg Can paralyze the brainstem and stop respiration Dextromethorphan - Answers In non-prescription cough remedies -Can cause hallucinations in high doses Krokodil - Answers Russian Drug Desomorphine made from codeine (and OTC drug in Russia) with iodine and red phosphorus -Eats at flesh Chippers - Answers People who use heroin only intermittently do not binge or use with addicts Use it to relax not escape Animism - Answers Belief that animals, plants, rocks, streams etc.. derive characteristics of spirit within the object If plant contains spirit, eating the plant transfers spirit to the person eating it Important reason for religious traditions using hallucinogens Lewis Lewin - Answers Classified psychoactive drugs as "Phantastica" ; drugs that create a world of fantasy Psychotomimetric - Answers Produce hallucinations and altered sense of reality can be referred to as psychotic Enthoegen - Answers Substances thought to provoke religious or spiritual experiences Entactogen - Answers Produce a feeling of touching within, increases empathy Phantastica - Answers Altering perception while allowing person to remain present with the world Aware of fantasy and real world Based off of chemical structures, two types: indole and catechol Indole Hallucinogens - Answers Chemical structure found in serotonin and LSD D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) - Answers Brought attention to hallucinogens in 1960 Originally synthesised from ergot alkaloids and ergot funcus 1938 Albert Hoffman synthesized LSD 0.05mg usually effective Never definitely linked to OD death Half metabolized in 3 hours Tolerance and recovery both rapid- weekly use possible No physical dependence Works by activating serotonin receptors Agonist and antagonist May last 6-9 hours Intoxication in full bloom after 1 hour Project MK-Ultra - Answers LSD being used on inmates and psychiatric patient without their consent Timothy Leary - Answers Used magic mushrooms and tested it on Harvard grad students 1960 says you should use them with the subject Fired 1963 1966 Started the League of Spiritual Discovery -LSD as sacrament Psilocybin - Answers Magic Mushrooms 1930s Still used by indigenous groups in S. Mexico 1955 Gordon Wasson first outsider to use mushrooms Psilocybe Semilanceata most common in nature and most potent, known as liberty cap (atlantic provinces and BC)