PS 268 QUIZ 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PS 268 QUIZ 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 cocaine - Answers stimulant - active chemical in the coca plant - historically recognized as increasing strength and endurance while decreasing the need for food - plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America. - plant plays a significant role in traditional Andean culture - best known throughout the world because of its alkaloids, which include cocaine - Simple and inexpensive processing of 500 kilograms of coca leaves yields 1 kilogram of cocaine types: coca paste, cocaine hydrochloride, freebase, crack and rock stimulants - Answers - Substances that excite the central nervous system - Cocaine and amphetamine are restricted stimulants - Caffeine and nicotine are readily available stimulants History of Cocaine use - Answers - use began to increase again at the end of the 1960s - Prior to 1985, major form available was cocaine hydrochloride (snorted) relatively expensive; use was associated with status, wealth, and fame - Inexpensive crack ($5 to $10 a hit) is form of smokeable cocaine Smoked cocaine has a greater abuse potential than snorted Cocaine experience became available to anyone with $5 to $10 - Crack cocaine is perceived as cheaper but it is actually more expensive than powder cocaine legal control of Cocaine - Answers - classified into Schedule I under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act Unlawful possession is subject to fines up to $1000 or imprisonment for up to six months or both for a first offence penalties increase with multiple offences or trafficking - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report 2009 Colombia remained the world's largest cultivator of coca bush, followed by Peru, and Bolivia Colombia primary source country for powder cocaine destined for the Canadian market - U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents assist local police in countries where the product is formed in large amounts to deal with 'gorilla forces' (irregular war-fair tactics) supplies of illicit cocaine in Canada - Answers 1. Mexico: - role as a transit country for cocaine destined for Canada has increased 2. United States: - remained primary transit country for cocaine destined for Canada Ports of entry: - largest proportion of cocaine smuggled into Canada via major ports of entry located in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Trends: - increases in smuggling of cocaine in liquid form - liquid cocaine concealed within bottles of alcohol or in hygiene/health products forms of cocaine - Answers 1. Coca paste - Crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine - Can be mixed with tobacco and smoked 2. Cocaine hydrochloride - Most common form of pure cocaine - Stable water-soluble salt 3. Freebase - Prepared as a chemical base - Can be heated and the vapors inhaled 4. Crack or rock - Lumps of dried, smokeable cocaine - Prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda coca wine - Answers - made by Angelo Mariani, French chemist - coca leaf extract - suck on a coca lozenge, drink coca tea, or obtain the coca leaf extract in any of a large number of other products - used by Incas peoples for a thousand years and was used by Americans who drank early versions of Coca-Cola - extract of the coca leaf lifted their spirits, freed them from fatigue, and gave them a generally good feeling Cocaines Mechanism of Action - Answers - Effects on neurotransmitters in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, causing a prolonged effect of these neurotransmitters - behavioural effects depend on an interaction of multiple neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate - snorting: get very fine cocaine hydrochloride powder into the nasal passages and from there it is absorbed quite rapidly and, through circulatory mechanisms reaches the brain rather quickly - intravenous use of cocaine delivers a very high concentration to the brain, producing a rapid and brief effect - cocaine molecules are metabolized by enzymes in the blood and liver, and the activity of these enzymes is variable from one person to another. 1 hr half life (very quick) and major metabolites have a half-life of 8 hour Early uses of cocaine - Answers 1. Local Anaesthesia often in dentistry and eye surgery 2. Early Psychiatric Uses Sigmund Freud very small doses of it regularly against depression and against indigestion non-medical and quasi-medical use of cocaine was widespread at the start of the twentieth century treatment for morphine dependence (later opposed use of the drug after nursing a friend through cocaine psychosis) 3. self-prescribed to overcome fatigue athletes and entertainers felt that they could not consistently perform at their peak without the assistance of cocaine 4. religious ceremonies and as currency coca leaf was important part of inca culture Natives of the Andes chewed coca leaves for greater strength and endurance Causes for Concern for cocaine - Answers Acute toxicity: Acute cocaine poisoning leads to profound CNS stimulation, progressing to convulsions, which can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest cocaine combined with alcohol can cause formation of toxic chemical cocaethylene significant individual variation in the uptake and metabolism of cocaine so its difficult to estimate the size of a lethal dose Chronic Toxicity: Regularly snorting cocaine, and particularly cocaine that has been "cut" with other things, can irritate the nasal septum, leading to a chronically inflamed, runny nose damage to heart muscle users often have persistent cuts, burns, and open sores or wounds on their lips, gums, and inner mouth lining can lead to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia can cause paranoid psychosis Reproductive Effects: crack baby, immediate problems including the risk increases for both spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) and a torn placenta administration and absorption of cocaine - Answers - Chewing or sucking coca leaves Slow absorption and onset of effects - "Snorting" through nasal mucous membranes Rapid absorption and onset of effects - Injected intravenously Rapid and brief effects - smoked Rapid and brief effects Cocaine Dependence Potential - Answers - accounts for one of the largest proportions of admission for drug treatment - can be a powerfully reinforcing drug - withdrawal symptoms: craving, irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, increased appetite, and exhaustion Amphetamines - Answers - powerful CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic (drug that stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system) - Active ingredient = ephedrine (sympathomimetic drug which stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system) - causes increased energy, wakefulness, alertness, reduced hunger, and feelings of wellness - synthesized and used medically to treat asthma, narcolepsy, child hyperactivity (increase brain catecholamine activity, which would, in theory, reverse catecholamine-associated deficits), appetite suppressant and as a stimulant (athletic and academic performance) - previous use for depression capable of temporarily moving the mood up the scale, so that a depressed person might, for a few hours, move into a normal range mood fluctuated a lot - used by athletes, thought of as an energy producing drug for training and competition especially popular in american football could be used for 'making weight' if needed history of amphetamine - Answers 1930s - Amphetamine patented, used mostly in medicine 1940s - Use by soldiers in World War II to fight fatigue 1950s-1970s - Readily available in Canada & abused by athletes, students and truck drivers - Increased use of injected stimulants alone or with heroin (e.g., speedball) - Most street amphetamines came from prescriptions 1980s-1990s - Amphetamines became more tightly controlled - Look-alikes appeared (e.g., caffeine or ephedrine); some users switched back to cocaine - Illicit manufacture of methamphetamine grew (e.g., crank) Uses of Amphetamines - Answers - used to be used to treat depression adjunctive therapy (treatment used together with primary treatment) effects occur rapidly compared with standard antidepressant medications - Currently, levels of amphetamine abuse have decreased in North America, presumably because of a greater awareness of their abuse potential and limited therapeutic benefits - within less than a decade they went from being widely used and accepted pharmaceuticals to being tightly restricted drugs associated with drug-abusing hippies - once these drugs got regulated 3 reactions occurred: look-alike pills, coke became more popular and there were a lot of illicit labs making meth (crank labs) made substances called ice and crystal meth 75% of meth labs were in BC - Weight control- Widely use to reduce food intake and body weight Combination of fenfluramine and phentermine was associated with heart valve damage and lung disease in some people - Narcolepsy: Stimulants used to keep patients awake during the day Newer drug modafinil (Provigil) promotes wakefulness Increases activity of norepinephrine and dopamine Low abuse potential (not including tolerance) - used to treat ADHD concerns about risk of abuse many adverse effects including headache, nose irritation, involuntary movement, aggression etc Methamphetamine - Answers - illicit manufacture is dangerous and associated with toxic fumes and residue. - Methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals Ice or crystal meth, Smokeable