Pediatric Nursing: Neurologic, Cardiac, and Musculoskeletal Disorders + Critical Care Review|Questions with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026

Pediatric Nursing: Neurologic, Cardiac, and Musculoskeletal Disorders + Critical Care Review|Questions with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 cerebral palsy (CP) condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination spina bifida a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it (insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy) Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease causing inflammation to joints and other tissues with no known cause, occurs before the age of 16, often between the ages of 1-3 and affects girls often than boys muscular dystrophy (MD) hereditary condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles otitis media infection of the middle ear otitis media with effusion fluid in the middle ear without acute infection Eustachian tube A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum ventricular septal defect (VSD) flaw or hole in the septum that divides the two ventricles of the heart atrial septal defect (ASD) flaw or hole in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart Tetralogy of Fallot congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects (pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy) infective endocarditis inflammation of the inner layer of heart tissue as a result of an infectious microorganism cardiogenic shock When enough oxygen is not delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. anaphylactic shock A severe reaction that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes sudden death. Digoxin Improves myocardial contractility Monitor pulse rates Toxicity: bradycardia/dysrhythmias/nausea/vomiting Captopril ACE inhibitor (reduced afterload by causing vasodilation) Monitor BP before and after administration and for hyperkalemia Metoprolol or carvedilol beta blocker (decreases heart rate and BP) monitor for dizziness/hypotension/headache Furosemide (Lasix) Diuretic (potassium-wasting diuretics rid the body of excess fluid and sodium) monitor daily weights/intake and output monitor for hypokalemia encourage high potassium diet Kawasaki disease An acute sys