N3333 Final Exam Questions And
100% Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
Essential Nutrients - Answer -proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water
-must get from food because your body is unable to manufacture them (or is too slow/ in
sufficient amounts)
Macronutrients - Answer ie proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and water
Micronutrients - Answer vitamins (organic) and minerals (inorganic)
Calorie - Answer 1 kcal = raise temp of one liter of water 1 degree C
Amino Acids - Answer *building blocks of proteins*
20 common AA in foods
9 essential AAs
11 produced by the body
Complete and Incomplete Proteins - Answer -complete (supply all the essential AA)
incomplete if they do not
Ex complete: meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, soy
Ex incomplete: plant sources ie nuts and legumes (dried beans and peas)-> have most essential
AAs but are low in 1 or more
Protein in American Diet - Answer -most exceed the protein intake
-extra energy from protein is synthesized into fat for storage or burned for energy requirements
(depending on energy intake)
,Fats - Answer -essential in small amount
-*lipids*
-most concentrated source of energy
-fats stored in the body represent unusable energy, help insulate your body, and support and
cushion your organs
-fats in the diet help your body absorb fat soluble vitamins, and add flavor & texture to foods
TYPES/ SOURCES: saturated (animal/ solid @ room temp)
unsaturated (plant/ liquid @ room temp)
*No more than 30% of total calories should come from fat// no more than 10% should come
saturated fats)*
-monounsaturated (olive, canola, safflower, and peanut oil)
-polyunsaturated (soybean, corn, cottonseed oil)
Hydrogenation and Trans Fats - Answer -Unsaturated fatty acids (occur in small amounts in
animal fat, lamb, and dairy products)
Hydrogenated Fats - Answer -Majority of trans fat in American diet are *artificial from
partially hydrogenated oils*
-mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
_*used in food manufacturing to make oil foods last longer & improve the consistency of some
foods*
Artificial Trans Fats - Answer (hydrogenated fats)
-raise LDL
-lower HDL
HEALTH (inc risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes)
FDA has banned the use of trans fats
Carbohydrates - Answer -energy to body cells
, -brain and other parts of nervous system and in the blood use only carb glucose for fuel
-during high intensity exercise muscles use carbs for fuel
Simple carbohydrates - Answer -single sugar (monosaccharides) & double sugar
(disaccharide)
Monosaccharide Examples:
-ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose
-glucose is most common of the sugars (used by animals and plants for energy)
-Fructose (very sweet sugar found in fruit)
-galactose (sugar in milk)
Complex Carbohydrates - Answer -*starches*(: grain (wheat, rice, rye, oats, barley, and
millet), legumes (dried beans, peas, and lentils), and tubers (potatoes and yams) most types of
*dietary fiber*
-Starches (plants, grains, legumes, tubers (potatoes)
Digestion PathoPhys - Answer -eat-> body breaks down carbs-> glucose-> glucose in blood->
pancreas releases insulin-> allows cells to take up glucose-> used for energy and fat storage
-excess-> liver and muscles take up-> store in the form of a starch called *glycogen*
-endurance event-> body runs out of glucose-> glycogen is broken down into glucose-> energy
Refined vs Whole Grains - Answer complex carbs divided into refined (processed) and
unrefined (whole grains)
refinement of whole grains transforms whole wheat flour into white flower, brown rice into
white rice, etc
refined grains usually retain all the calories of their unrefined counterparts, but they tend to be
less nutrient dense- lower in fiver, vitamins, minerals, etc.
100% Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
Essential Nutrients - Answer -proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water
-must get from food because your body is unable to manufacture them (or is too slow/ in
sufficient amounts)
Macronutrients - Answer ie proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and water
Micronutrients - Answer vitamins (organic) and minerals (inorganic)
Calorie - Answer 1 kcal = raise temp of one liter of water 1 degree C
Amino Acids - Answer *building blocks of proteins*
20 common AA in foods
9 essential AAs
11 produced by the body
Complete and Incomplete Proteins - Answer -complete (supply all the essential AA)
incomplete if they do not
Ex complete: meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, soy
Ex incomplete: plant sources ie nuts and legumes (dried beans and peas)-> have most essential
AAs but are low in 1 or more
Protein in American Diet - Answer -most exceed the protein intake
-extra energy from protein is synthesized into fat for storage or burned for energy requirements
(depending on energy intake)
,Fats - Answer -essential in small amount
-*lipids*
-most concentrated source of energy
-fats stored in the body represent unusable energy, help insulate your body, and support and
cushion your organs
-fats in the diet help your body absorb fat soluble vitamins, and add flavor & texture to foods
TYPES/ SOURCES: saturated (animal/ solid @ room temp)
unsaturated (plant/ liquid @ room temp)
*No more than 30% of total calories should come from fat// no more than 10% should come
saturated fats)*
-monounsaturated (olive, canola, safflower, and peanut oil)
-polyunsaturated (soybean, corn, cottonseed oil)
Hydrogenation and Trans Fats - Answer -Unsaturated fatty acids (occur in small amounts in
animal fat, lamb, and dairy products)
Hydrogenated Fats - Answer -Majority of trans fat in American diet are *artificial from
partially hydrogenated oils*
-mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
_*used in food manufacturing to make oil foods last longer & improve the consistency of some
foods*
Artificial Trans Fats - Answer (hydrogenated fats)
-raise LDL
-lower HDL
HEALTH (inc risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes)
FDA has banned the use of trans fats
Carbohydrates - Answer -energy to body cells
, -brain and other parts of nervous system and in the blood use only carb glucose for fuel
-during high intensity exercise muscles use carbs for fuel
Simple carbohydrates - Answer -single sugar (monosaccharides) & double sugar
(disaccharide)
Monosaccharide Examples:
-ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose
-glucose is most common of the sugars (used by animals and plants for energy)
-Fructose (very sweet sugar found in fruit)
-galactose (sugar in milk)
Complex Carbohydrates - Answer -*starches*(: grain (wheat, rice, rye, oats, barley, and
millet), legumes (dried beans, peas, and lentils), and tubers (potatoes and yams) most types of
*dietary fiber*
-Starches (plants, grains, legumes, tubers (potatoes)
Digestion PathoPhys - Answer -eat-> body breaks down carbs-> glucose-> glucose in blood->
pancreas releases insulin-> allows cells to take up glucose-> used for energy and fat storage
-excess-> liver and muscles take up-> store in the form of a starch called *glycogen*
-endurance event-> body runs out of glucose-> glycogen is broken down into glucose-> energy
Refined vs Whole Grains - Answer complex carbs divided into refined (processed) and
unrefined (whole grains)
refinement of whole grains transforms whole wheat flour into white flower, brown rice into
white rice, etc
refined grains usually retain all the calories of their unrefined counterparts, but they tend to be
less nutrient dense- lower in fiver, vitamins, minerals, etc.
