BIOD210 MODULE 3 EXAM REQUIRES
RESPONDUS LOCKDOWN BROWSER
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SET 2026
ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
⫸ missense mutation Answer: codon changes the amino acid
codon becomes another codon
⫸ nonsense mutation Answer: codon for amino acid becomes a stop
codon
protein is shortened —> can lose function
⫸ silent mutation Answer: no effect
*for same amino acid
⫸ read through mutation Answer: stop codon changed to amino acid
results in longer protein
,effect dependent on if another stop codon is nearby
⫸ spontaneous point mutation Answer: occurs no matter what
⫸ depurination Answer: type of spontaneous mutation, very common
base is completely gone
removing a purine, results in apurinic(missing purine) → leaves ribose
and backbone
⫸ deamination of cytosine Answer: results in uracil (C—>U), GC to
AT transition (C—>T)
removing amine group from cytosine (results in uracil)
⫸ wobble base pairing Answer: mispairing due to flexibility in helix,
causes replication errors
2 rounds of replication requred to alter both strands of DNA
bases are no longer complimentary to each other
⫸ base analog Answer: mis-pairs more than usual
, looks like a normal base
⫸ mismatch repari (MMR) Answer: for mismatches after replication
looks for mismatched base pairs and cuts out that chunk from the new
DNA
1. MMR proteins recognize abnormal helical structure
2. finds incorrect base
3. exonucleases cut out an area from the new strand that corresponds to
the mismatch
4. dna pol fills in the gap, ligase seals the nick
⫸ nucleotide excision repair (NER) Answer: removes damaged DNA
(bulky lesions)
1. enzyme complex recognizes distortion in helix
2. DNA strands separated (held apart by SSB)
3. strand w/ lesion cut out using exonuclease activity
4. dna pol fills in the gap, ligase seals the nick
⫸ base excision repair (BER) Answer: removes a single base (base is
unusual, damaged, or modified)
RESPONDUS LOCKDOWN BROWSER
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SET 2026
ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
⫸ missense mutation Answer: codon changes the amino acid
codon becomes another codon
⫸ nonsense mutation Answer: codon for amino acid becomes a stop
codon
protein is shortened —> can lose function
⫸ silent mutation Answer: no effect
*for same amino acid
⫸ read through mutation Answer: stop codon changed to amino acid
results in longer protein
,effect dependent on if another stop codon is nearby
⫸ spontaneous point mutation Answer: occurs no matter what
⫸ depurination Answer: type of spontaneous mutation, very common
base is completely gone
removing a purine, results in apurinic(missing purine) → leaves ribose
and backbone
⫸ deamination of cytosine Answer: results in uracil (C—>U), GC to
AT transition (C—>T)
removing amine group from cytosine (results in uracil)
⫸ wobble base pairing Answer: mispairing due to flexibility in helix,
causes replication errors
2 rounds of replication requred to alter both strands of DNA
bases are no longer complimentary to each other
⫸ base analog Answer: mis-pairs more than usual
, looks like a normal base
⫸ mismatch repari (MMR) Answer: for mismatches after replication
looks for mismatched base pairs and cuts out that chunk from the new
DNA
1. MMR proteins recognize abnormal helical structure
2. finds incorrect base
3. exonucleases cut out an area from the new strand that corresponds to
the mismatch
4. dna pol fills in the gap, ligase seals the nick
⫸ nucleotide excision repair (NER) Answer: removes damaged DNA
(bulky lesions)
1. enzyme complex recognizes distortion in helix
2. DNA strands separated (held apart by SSB)
3. strand w/ lesion cut out using exonuclease activity
4. dna pol fills in the gap, ligase seals the nick
⫸ base excision repair (BER) Answer: removes a single base (base is
unusual, damaged, or modified)
