INTRODUCTION TO VETERINARY
SCIENCE BY JAMES B LAWHEAD
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PASSED ALREADY GRADED A+
Chapter 1 - CORRECT ANSWER Basic Cell Biology
Proteins make up ___% of the dry weight in animals - CORRECT ANSWER 50
How many amino acids are used to make proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER 22
How do nucleic acids do? - CORRECT ANSWER Provide plans for the differing
construction of proteins
What are enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER Protein molecules that speed up chemical
reactions in the body
What are infection-fighting proteins called? - CORRECT ANSWER antibodies
Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER all reactions conducted in cells
Anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER reactions in which smaller molecules are combined
into larger ones (joining of amino acids to form proteins)
Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER When large molecules are broken down into smaller
ones (Glycogen breaking down to release energy)
What fluid surrounds all living cells and supplies the cells with all the products
necessary for function? - CORRECT ANSWER Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Where is ECF derived from? - CORRECT ANSWER bloodW
When transporting molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, what type of
transport requires the cell to burn energy and use enzymes to aid the process? -
CORRECT ANSWER active transport
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER When the cell membrane wraps around the
particle, pinches off, and moves into the cytoplasm as a vacuole. Lysosomes then join
with the vacuole, providing the enzymes necessary to break down the particle. The
smaller fragments are then released into the cell.
,Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER A membrane-bound sac containing the protein joins
with the cell membrane and releases it into the ECF.
What does uncontrolled mitosis result in? - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer
Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER
Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER
Homologue - CORRECT ANSWER Chromosomes come in pairs, and each member of
the pair is called this.
What are the two categories of tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER benign and malignant
What are the five mechanisms of cellular exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Active Transport
4. Endocytosis
5. Exocytosis
What are the five stages of mitosis in order? - CORRECT ANSWER Interphase,
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Chapter 2 - CORRECT ANSWER Tissue Types and Functions
What are the four basic tissue types? - CORRECT ANSWER epithelial, connective,
muscle, nerve
Where are epithelial tissues located? - CORRECT ANSWER Cells packed together in
sheets that line the body's surface and openings, as well as tubes in the body such as
blood vessels and the heart. These tissues also cover all openings of the intestinal,
reproductive, and urinary tracts
What are the purpose of epithelial tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Offers defense
against trauma, UV light, bacteria and extreme temperatures (skin)
2. Produce variety of secretions (tears, saliva, mucus, sweat, urine, and milk)
3. Absorb materials
Does the epithelium have a direct blood supply? - CORRECT ANSWER No, the
connective tissue layer directly below every epithelium provides nutrients and removes
wastes for it
Integument - CORRECT ANSWER skin
,What protects the integument from damaging UV rays and malignant melanoma
tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER skin pigment
Terms to classify epithelial tissues based on number of layers? - CORRECT ANSWER
1. Simple (one cell layer)
2. Stratified (multiple layers)
3. Transitional (multiple layers but the shape of the cells can change)
Terms to classify epithelial tissues based on shape? - CORRECT ANSWER 1.
squamous (very flat)
2. cuboidal (cube-shaped)
3. columnar (more tall than wide)
What classification of epithelial tissue lines blood vessels that allows for transfer of
fluids, nutrients, gases, and wastes? - CORRECT ANSWER simple squamous
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelial tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Tubules of
the kidney (often associated with secretion, absorption, or transport)
Where can you find simple columnar epithelial tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Stomach
and intestines (often associated with secretion, absorption)
Where can you find all types of epithelial tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Glands and
ducts
What is skin classified as? - CORRECT ANSWER Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the basal layer? - CORRECT ANSWER Where epithelial cells originate
Hypodermis - CORRECT ANSWER consists mainly of subcutaneous fat that allows for
thermal insulation and binds skin to the rest of the body
What does the arrector pili muscle do? - CORRECT ANSWER When contracted, makes
the hair stand upright
Where do hair follicles originate? - CORRECT ANSWER dermis layer
What specialized protein is deposited in the cells for claws and hooves to give it the
typical hardness and durability? - CORRECT ANSWER keratin
What surrounds the coffin bone that nourishes and supports the hoof with a rich blood
supply and connective tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Laminar corium
What is the primary function of connective tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER 1.
Connective tissues connect one organ or tissue to another
2. Provide support and protection
, Tendons - CORRECT ANSWER connect muscles to bones
Matrix - CORRECT ANSWER The material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which
more specialized structures are embedded. The internal structure of connective tissues
is an extracellular matrix.
The matrix in tendons is mainly composed of what protein? - CORRECT ANSWER
collagen
Ligaments - CORRECT ANSWER connects bones to bones
In addition to collagen, ligaments is composed of another protein called what? -
CORRECT ANSWER elastin
What functions do collagen and elastin serve to connective tissues? - CORRECT
ANSWER Collagen: provides strength
Elastin: ability to stretch and return
Provide five examples of connective tissues - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Adipose tissue
(fat)
2. Bone
3. Cartilage
4. Blood
Myofibers - CORRECT ANSWER Muscle cells that organize themselves in parallel rows
What is a striated muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER A muscle consists of thousands of
muscle fibers
What allows a muscle fiber to contract? - CORRECT ANSWER Within the myofibril,
there are many myofilaments made up of the proteins actin and myosin. During
contraction, the actin and myosin filaments slide against each other. The filaments have
small bridges between them that bind and release as they slide
What stimulates the myofilaments to slide against each other? - CORRECT ANSWER
The stimulation from a nerve cell causes calcium to be released from the endoplasmic
reticulum that stimulates the muscle fibers to contract
When muscles are relaxed, what is being actively transported back to the endoplasmic
reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER Calcium
Porcine stress syndrome (PSS) - CORRECT ANSWER Genetically transmitted disease
in which calcium does not transport back to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing muscles
no to relax normally
SCIENCE BY JAMES B LAWHEAD
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PASSED ALREADY GRADED A+
Chapter 1 - CORRECT ANSWER Basic Cell Biology
Proteins make up ___% of the dry weight in animals - CORRECT ANSWER 50
How many amino acids are used to make proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER 22
How do nucleic acids do? - CORRECT ANSWER Provide plans for the differing
construction of proteins
What are enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER Protein molecules that speed up chemical
reactions in the body
What are infection-fighting proteins called? - CORRECT ANSWER antibodies
Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER all reactions conducted in cells
Anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER reactions in which smaller molecules are combined
into larger ones (joining of amino acids to form proteins)
Catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER When large molecules are broken down into smaller
ones (Glycogen breaking down to release energy)
What fluid surrounds all living cells and supplies the cells with all the products
necessary for function? - CORRECT ANSWER Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Where is ECF derived from? - CORRECT ANSWER bloodW
When transporting molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, what type of
transport requires the cell to burn energy and use enzymes to aid the process? -
CORRECT ANSWER active transport
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER When the cell membrane wraps around the
particle, pinches off, and moves into the cytoplasm as a vacuole. Lysosomes then join
with the vacuole, providing the enzymes necessary to break down the particle. The
smaller fragments are then released into the cell.
,Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER A membrane-bound sac containing the protein joins
with the cell membrane and releases it into the ECF.
What does uncontrolled mitosis result in? - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer
Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER
Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWER
Homologue - CORRECT ANSWER Chromosomes come in pairs, and each member of
the pair is called this.
What are the two categories of tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER benign and malignant
What are the five mechanisms of cellular exchange? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Active Transport
4. Endocytosis
5. Exocytosis
What are the five stages of mitosis in order? - CORRECT ANSWER Interphase,
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Chapter 2 - CORRECT ANSWER Tissue Types and Functions
What are the four basic tissue types? - CORRECT ANSWER epithelial, connective,
muscle, nerve
Where are epithelial tissues located? - CORRECT ANSWER Cells packed together in
sheets that line the body's surface and openings, as well as tubes in the body such as
blood vessels and the heart. These tissues also cover all openings of the intestinal,
reproductive, and urinary tracts
What are the purpose of epithelial tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Offers defense
against trauma, UV light, bacteria and extreme temperatures (skin)
2. Produce variety of secretions (tears, saliva, mucus, sweat, urine, and milk)
3. Absorb materials
Does the epithelium have a direct blood supply? - CORRECT ANSWER No, the
connective tissue layer directly below every epithelium provides nutrients and removes
wastes for it
Integument - CORRECT ANSWER skin
,What protects the integument from damaging UV rays and malignant melanoma
tumors? - CORRECT ANSWER skin pigment
Terms to classify epithelial tissues based on number of layers? - CORRECT ANSWER
1. Simple (one cell layer)
2. Stratified (multiple layers)
3. Transitional (multiple layers but the shape of the cells can change)
Terms to classify epithelial tissues based on shape? - CORRECT ANSWER 1.
squamous (very flat)
2. cuboidal (cube-shaped)
3. columnar (more tall than wide)
What classification of epithelial tissue lines blood vessels that allows for transfer of
fluids, nutrients, gases, and wastes? - CORRECT ANSWER simple squamous
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelial tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Tubules of
the kidney (often associated with secretion, absorption, or transport)
Where can you find simple columnar epithelial tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Stomach
and intestines (often associated with secretion, absorption)
Where can you find all types of epithelial tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Glands and
ducts
What is skin classified as? - CORRECT ANSWER Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the basal layer? - CORRECT ANSWER Where epithelial cells originate
Hypodermis - CORRECT ANSWER consists mainly of subcutaneous fat that allows for
thermal insulation and binds skin to the rest of the body
What does the arrector pili muscle do? - CORRECT ANSWER When contracted, makes
the hair stand upright
Where do hair follicles originate? - CORRECT ANSWER dermis layer
What specialized protein is deposited in the cells for claws and hooves to give it the
typical hardness and durability? - CORRECT ANSWER keratin
What surrounds the coffin bone that nourishes and supports the hoof with a rich blood
supply and connective tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER Laminar corium
What is the primary function of connective tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER 1.
Connective tissues connect one organ or tissue to another
2. Provide support and protection
, Tendons - CORRECT ANSWER connect muscles to bones
Matrix - CORRECT ANSWER The material (or tissue) in animal or plant cells, in which
more specialized structures are embedded. The internal structure of connective tissues
is an extracellular matrix.
The matrix in tendons is mainly composed of what protein? - CORRECT ANSWER
collagen
Ligaments - CORRECT ANSWER connects bones to bones
In addition to collagen, ligaments is composed of another protein called what? -
CORRECT ANSWER elastin
What functions do collagen and elastin serve to connective tissues? - CORRECT
ANSWER Collagen: provides strength
Elastin: ability to stretch and return
Provide five examples of connective tissues - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Adipose tissue
(fat)
2. Bone
3. Cartilage
4. Blood
Myofibers - CORRECT ANSWER Muscle cells that organize themselves in parallel rows
What is a striated muscle? - CORRECT ANSWER A muscle consists of thousands of
muscle fibers
What allows a muscle fiber to contract? - CORRECT ANSWER Within the myofibril,
there are many myofilaments made up of the proteins actin and myosin. During
contraction, the actin and myosin filaments slide against each other. The filaments have
small bridges between them that bind and release as they slide
What stimulates the myofilaments to slide against each other? - CORRECT ANSWER
The stimulation from a nerve cell causes calcium to be released from the endoplasmic
reticulum that stimulates the muscle fibers to contract
When muscles are relaxed, what is being actively transported back to the endoplasmic
reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER Calcium
Porcine stress syndrome (PSS) - CORRECT ANSWER Genetically transmitted disease
in which calcium does not transport back to the endoplasmic reticulum, causing muscles
no to relax normally
