NSG 3111 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
WHO recommendations for breastfeeding - ANS Exclusively for 6 months
Continued for 2 years with supplementation/food
How can you be inclusive to trans women (IRT breastfeeding) - ANS Ask about terms used
May want to use "chest feeding"
Risks of not breastfeeding for infant - ANS Increased risk for:
- diarrhea
- ear infections
- chest infections
- GI infection
- asthma
- obesity
- diabetes
- SIDS
Risks of not breastfeeding for mother - ANS Increased risk for:
- postpartum hemorrhage
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,- ovarian cancer
- breast cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- stress and anxiety
- maternal diabetes
Benefits for breastfeeding - ANS Milk will change with baby's needs
Gives immunity to baby
Nutrients easily absorbed
Increases bonding
Environmental benefits
Free, convenient
Hazards of bottle/formula feeding - ANS Pathogen contamination
Manufacturing errors and warehouse contamination
Adulteration of formula
Phytoestrogens in soy milk
BPA in feeding bottles
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? - ANS When mother is having chemotherapy or
radiation
Newborns with galactosemia
Mothers with HTLV
Mothers with active TB
Mothers with active herpes simplex virus on breast
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Mothers with HIV (in N.A. - still breastfeed in developing countries)
When is breastfeeding not contraindicated - ANS When mother has Hep C
When mother has positive HBsAg
When mother has fever
When mother is CMV positive
Lactogenesis pathophysiology - ANS Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels trigger
release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Prolactin prepares breast to secrete milk
Oxytocin stimulates let down reflex
Prolactin produced in response to infant suckling
Supply meets demand system
What does infant suckling trigger? - ANS Hypothalamus to trigger anterior pituitary to
produce prolactin which increases milk production
Hypothalamus to trigger posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin which is responsible for the let
down reflex
Tyoes of human milk - ANS Colostrum: 1-4 days pp; rich in antibodies
Transition milk: 3-5 days pp; milk of colostrum and mature milk
Mature milk: 2 weeks pp
Foremilk: obtained at beginning of feed; high water content
Hind milk: released after 20 minutes of breastfeeding; high in fat and energy content
Stages of Breast Milk Production (Lactogenesis) - ANS Stage 1: begins 16-18 weeks of
gestation
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Stage 2: begins with delivery of placenta
Stage 3: mature milk is established (10-14 days pp)
Nutrients in breast milk - ANS Carbs
Fat (40-50% of calories) - important for neurological development and visual function
Protein
Vitamin D - not in human milk, need to supplement
Vitamin K - required for blood coagulation
Vitamin B12 - can be impacted if mom is vegan
Iron - easy to absorb in breast milk
How often should you breastfeed? - ANS Every 2-3 hours
10-12 feedings in 24 hours
How long should you breastfeed for? - ANS 20+ minutes per side to access hind milk
LATCH model - ANS L - latch characteristics (flared lips, chin to breast)
A - audible swallowing
T - type of nipple (everted/flat/inverted)
C - comfort (of mother during feed)
H - holding skills
What % is a normal weight loss in infants? - ANS BPG states 7%
Storing expressed breast milk - ANS 6-8 hours at room temperature
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS. VERIFIED 2026.
WHO recommendations for breastfeeding - ANS Exclusively for 6 months
Continued for 2 years with supplementation/food
How can you be inclusive to trans women (IRT breastfeeding) - ANS Ask about terms used
May want to use "chest feeding"
Risks of not breastfeeding for infant - ANS Increased risk for:
- diarrhea
- ear infections
- chest infections
- GI infection
- asthma
- obesity
- diabetes
- SIDS
Risks of not breastfeeding for mother - ANS Increased risk for:
- postpartum hemorrhage
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,- ovarian cancer
- breast cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- stress and anxiety
- maternal diabetes
Benefits for breastfeeding - ANS Milk will change with baby's needs
Gives immunity to baby
Nutrients easily absorbed
Increases bonding
Environmental benefits
Free, convenient
Hazards of bottle/formula feeding - ANS Pathogen contamination
Manufacturing errors and warehouse contamination
Adulteration of formula
Phytoestrogens in soy milk
BPA in feeding bottles
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? - ANS When mother is having chemotherapy or
radiation
Newborns with galactosemia
Mothers with HTLV
Mothers with active TB
Mothers with active herpes simplex virus on breast
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Mothers with HIV (in N.A. - still breastfeed in developing countries)
When is breastfeeding not contraindicated - ANS When mother has Hep C
When mother has positive HBsAg
When mother has fever
When mother is CMV positive
Lactogenesis pathophysiology - ANS Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels trigger
release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Prolactin prepares breast to secrete milk
Oxytocin stimulates let down reflex
Prolactin produced in response to infant suckling
Supply meets demand system
What does infant suckling trigger? - ANS Hypothalamus to trigger anterior pituitary to
produce prolactin which increases milk production
Hypothalamus to trigger posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin which is responsible for the let
down reflex
Tyoes of human milk - ANS Colostrum: 1-4 days pp; rich in antibodies
Transition milk: 3-5 days pp; milk of colostrum and mature milk
Mature milk: 2 weeks pp
Foremilk: obtained at beginning of feed; high water content
Hind milk: released after 20 minutes of breastfeeding; high in fat and energy content
Stages of Breast Milk Production (Lactogenesis) - ANS Stage 1: begins 16-18 weeks of
gestation
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Stage 2: begins with delivery of placenta
Stage 3: mature milk is established (10-14 days pp)
Nutrients in breast milk - ANS Carbs
Fat (40-50% of calories) - important for neurological development and visual function
Protein
Vitamin D - not in human milk, need to supplement
Vitamin K - required for blood coagulation
Vitamin B12 - can be impacted if mom is vegan
Iron - easy to absorb in breast milk
How often should you breastfeed? - ANS Every 2-3 hours
10-12 feedings in 24 hours
How long should you breastfeed for? - ANS 20+ minutes per side to access hind milk
LATCH model - ANS L - latch characteristics (flared lips, chin to breast)
A - audible swallowing
T - type of nipple (everted/flat/inverted)
C - comfort (of mother during feed)
H - holding skills
What % is a normal weight loss in infants? - ANS BPG states 7%
Storing expressed breast milk - ANS 6-8 hours at room temperature
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
