NSG 3111 Final questions well
answered graded A+ 2025/2026
WHO recommendations for breastfeeding - ANS ✔✔Exclusively for 6 months
Continued for 2 years with supplementation/food
How can you be inclusive to trans women (IRT breastfeeding) - ANS ✔✔Ask about terms used
May want to use "chest feeding"
Risks of not breastfeeding for infant - ANS ✔✔Increased risk for:
- diarrhea
- ear infections
- chest infections
- GI infection
- asthma
- obesity
- diabetes
- SIDS
Risks of not breastfeeding for mother - ANS ✔✔Increased risk for:
- postpartum hemorrhage
- ovarian cancer
- breast cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
,- stress and anxiety
- maternal diabetes
Benefits for breastfeeding - ANS ✔✔Milk will change with baby's needs
Gives immunity to baby
Nutrients easily absorbed
Increases bonding
Environmental benefits
Free, convenient
Hazards of bottle/formula feeding - ANS ✔✔Pathogen contamination
Manufacturing errors and warehouse contamination
Adulteration of formula
Phytoestrogens in soy milk
BPA in feeding bottles
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? - ANS ✔✔When mother is having chemotherapy or
radiation
Newborns with galactosemia
Mothers with HTLV
Mothers with active TB
Mothers with active herpes simplex virus on breast
Mothers with HIV (in N.A. - still breastfeed in developing countries)
When is breastfeeding not contraindicated - ANS ✔✔When mother has Hep C
When mother has positive HBsAg
,When mother has fever
When mother is CMV positive
Lactogenesis pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels trigger
release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Prolactin prepares breast to secrete milk
Oxytocin stimulates let down reflex
Prolactin produced in response to infant suckling
Supply meets demand system
What does infant suckling trigger? - ANS ✔✔Hypothalamus to trigger anterior pituitary to
produce prolactin which increases milk production
Hypothalamus to trigger posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin which is responsible for the let
down reflex
Tyoes of human milk - ANS ✔✔Colostrum: 1-4 days pp; rich in antibodies
Transition milk: 3-5 days pp; milk of colostrum and mature milk
Mature milk: 2 weeks pp
Foremilk: obtained at beginning of feed; high water content
Hind milk: released after 20 minutes of breastfeeding; high in fat and energy content
Stages of Breast Milk Production (Lactogenesis) - ANS ✔✔Stage 1: begins 16-18 weeks of
gestation
Stage 2: begins with delivery of placenta
Stage 3: mature milk is established (10-14 days pp)
Nutrients in breast milk - ANS ✔✔Carbs
, Fat (40-50% of calories) - important for neurological development and visual function
Protein
Vitamin D - not in human milk, need to supplement
Vitamin K - required for blood coagulation
Vitamin B12 - can be impacted if mom is vegan
Iron - easy to absorb in breast milk
How often should you breastfeed? - ANS ✔✔Every 2-3 hours
10-12 feedings in 24 hours
How long should you breastfeed for? - ANS ✔✔20+ minutes per side to access hind milk
LATCH model - ANS ✔✔L - latch characteristics (flared lips, chin to breast)
A - audible swallowing
T - type of nipple (everted/flat/inverted)
C - comfort (of mother during feed)
H - holding skills
What % is a normal weight loss in infants? - ANS ✔✔BPG states 7%
Storing expressed breast milk - ANS ✔✔6-8 hours at room temperature
5 days in fridge
2 weeks in freezer
12 months in deep freezer
Treatment for sore nipples - ANS ✔✔Repositioning
answered graded A+ 2025/2026
WHO recommendations for breastfeeding - ANS ✔✔Exclusively for 6 months
Continued for 2 years with supplementation/food
How can you be inclusive to trans women (IRT breastfeeding) - ANS ✔✔Ask about terms used
May want to use "chest feeding"
Risks of not breastfeeding for infant - ANS ✔✔Increased risk for:
- diarrhea
- ear infections
- chest infections
- GI infection
- asthma
- obesity
- diabetes
- SIDS
Risks of not breastfeeding for mother - ANS ✔✔Increased risk for:
- postpartum hemorrhage
- ovarian cancer
- breast cancer
- osteoporosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
,- stress and anxiety
- maternal diabetes
Benefits for breastfeeding - ANS ✔✔Milk will change with baby's needs
Gives immunity to baby
Nutrients easily absorbed
Increases bonding
Environmental benefits
Free, convenient
Hazards of bottle/formula feeding - ANS ✔✔Pathogen contamination
Manufacturing errors and warehouse contamination
Adulteration of formula
Phytoestrogens in soy milk
BPA in feeding bottles
When is breastfeeding contraindicated? - ANS ✔✔When mother is having chemotherapy or
radiation
Newborns with galactosemia
Mothers with HTLV
Mothers with active TB
Mothers with active herpes simplex virus on breast
Mothers with HIV (in N.A. - still breastfeed in developing countries)
When is breastfeeding not contraindicated - ANS ✔✔When mother has Hep C
When mother has positive HBsAg
,When mother has fever
When mother is CMV positive
Lactogenesis pathophysiology - ANS ✔✔Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels trigger
release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Prolactin prepares breast to secrete milk
Oxytocin stimulates let down reflex
Prolactin produced in response to infant suckling
Supply meets demand system
What does infant suckling trigger? - ANS ✔✔Hypothalamus to trigger anterior pituitary to
produce prolactin which increases milk production
Hypothalamus to trigger posterior pituitary to produce oxytocin which is responsible for the let
down reflex
Tyoes of human milk - ANS ✔✔Colostrum: 1-4 days pp; rich in antibodies
Transition milk: 3-5 days pp; milk of colostrum and mature milk
Mature milk: 2 weeks pp
Foremilk: obtained at beginning of feed; high water content
Hind milk: released after 20 minutes of breastfeeding; high in fat and energy content
Stages of Breast Milk Production (Lactogenesis) - ANS ✔✔Stage 1: begins 16-18 weeks of
gestation
Stage 2: begins with delivery of placenta
Stage 3: mature milk is established (10-14 days pp)
Nutrients in breast milk - ANS ✔✔Carbs
, Fat (40-50% of calories) - important for neurological development and visual function
Protein
Vitamin D - not in human milk, need to supplement
Vitamin K - required for blood coagulation
Vitamin B12 - can be impacted if mom is vegan
Iron - easy to absorb in breast milk
How often should you breastfeed? - ANS ✔✔Every 2-3 hours
10-12 feedings in 24 hours
How long should you breastfeed for? - ANS ✔✔20+ minutes per side to access hind milk
LATCH model - ANS ✔✔L - latch characteristics (flared lips, chin to breast)
A - audible swallowing
T - type of nipple (everted/flat/inverted)
C - comfort (of mother during feed)
H - holding skills
What % is a normal weight loss in infants? - ANS ✔✔BPG states 7%
Storing expressed breast milk - ANS ✔✔6-8 hours at room temperature
5 days in fridge
2 weeks in freezer
12 months in deep freezer
Treatment for sore nipples - ANS ✔✔Repositioning
