PBSI 336: EXAM #2.
Your shortcut to understanding complex topics.
What are the main structures of the Brainstem ? - Answer: Midbrain , pons, & medulla
What are the major striatum components? - Answer: Nucleus Accumbens , caudate
(Dorsomedial striatum), and putamen (Dorsolateral Striatum)
What is the Nucleus Accumbens associated with? - Answer: Pleasure, Motivation, &
Reward Cues
What is the Dousomedial Striatum associated with ? - Answer: Goal - Directed Actions
What behaviors are associated with the Dorsolateral Striatum? - Answer: Habits
What is the major target for dopamine (DA) axon terminals in the brain? - Answer: Striatum
Are there DA neurons in the striatum ? - Answer: No
Where are the cell bodies for DA neurons located? - Answer: Brainstem
What parts of DA are located in the striatum ? - Answer: DA fibers, DA release at synapses,
& DA receptors/transporters
What are the monoamine neurons ? - Answer: Dopamine, Serotonin, & Norepinephrine
Where are monoamine neurons located? - Answer: Primarily in the Brainstem
Where do monoamine neurons send axon projections? - Answer: Throughout the brain
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,Where are the majority of dopamine neurons (cell bodies) located in ? - Answer: Substansia
Nigra & Ventral Tegumental Area (VTA)
What is the source and target of axons for the Nigrostriatal Pathway ? - Answer: source is
DA neurons in substansia nigra; target of axons is dorsal striatum
What is the source and target of axons for the mesolimbic pathway? - Answer: Source is DA
neurons in the VTA; Target of axons is nucleus accumbens and amygdala
What is the source and target of axons for the mesocortical Pathway? - Answer: Source is
DA neurons in VTA; Target of axons is prefrontal cortex
What are the limbic areas? - Answer: Moods, emotions, & rewards
What are Basal Ganglia circuits important for ? - Answer: voluntary movement, action
selection, procedural learning, habits
What are the major Input structures ? - Answer: Cortex; Glutamatergic (excitatory)
What are the major output structures? - Answer: GPI & snr; gabaergic (inhibitory)
Where do striatum projections (gabaergic go? - Answer: Directly to Output Structures (gpi ,
snr) or indirectly (gpe , STN)
What does the Direct Pathway do? - Answer: Excites targets of BG output (GO)
What does the indirect pathway do ? - Answer: Inhibits targets of BG output (No-go)
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,What provides feedback in the system and complete the loops? - Answer: Midbrain
dopamine & thalamus
In the striatum, GABA neurons express what two receptors? - Answer: Dopamine DI
receptos (Gs) & D2 Receptor (Gi)
Which Pathway are D1 neurons apart of and what does Dopamine do ? - Answer: Direct
("Go"); activated
Which Pathway are D2 neurons apart of and what does Dopamine do ? - Answer: Indirect
("no-go"); inhibited
Do all addictive drugs have the same property of increasing dopamine? - Answer: yes, but it
is via different mechanisms
What are the components of reward learning? - Answer: Liking, Wanting, Reward prediction
What is liking, does it involve DA? - Answer: Affective/hedonic/pleasurable aspects (Does
NOT involve DA)
What is wanting, does it involve DA? - Answer: Motivational/Incentive/drive to Obtain
reward (Involves DA)
What is reward prediction, does it involve DA? - Answer: Learning about "cues" related to
reward (Involves DA)
Does liking involve Dopamine ? - Answer: No (does involve endogenous opoiods and
cannabinoids in nacc)
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, Does wanting involve dopamine? - Answer: Yes
What shows a temp. Increase in firing rate when a reward is given unexpectedly? - Answer:
Dopamine Neurons
After training, when do DA neurons show increased firing? - Answer: when the CS is
presented rather than the reward
Reward Prediction Error - Answer: if reward is omitted , a decrease in DA neuron firing is
observed
What does positive Prediction Error activate ? - Answer: D1 cells (G, coupled) and Direct
Pathway
What does Negative Prediction Error Activate ? - Answer: D2 cells (Gi coupled) and Indirect
Pathway
Positive Prediction Error - Answer: more activity with unexpected reward
Zero Prediction Error - Answer: same activity for predicted reward
Negative Prediction Error - Answer: less activity with loss of reward
What are the teaching signals for learning about rewards? - Answer: Dopamine
What are the factors that cause Addiction? - Answer: Properties of drugs, Individual
differences (genetic & environmental), and Drug Induced Neuroadaptations
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
Your shortcut to understanding complex topics.
What are the main structures of the Brainstem ? - Answer: Midbrain , pons, & medulla
What are the major striatum components? - Answer: Nucleus Accumbens , caudate
(Dorsomedial striatum), and putamen (Dorsolateral Striatum)
What is the Nucleus Accumbens associated with? - Answer: Pleasure, Motivation, &
Reward Cues
What is the Dousomedial Striatum associated with ? - Answer: Goal - Directed Actions
What behaviors are associated with the Dorsolateral Striatum? - Answer: Habits
What is the major target for dopamine (DA) axon terminals in the brain? - Answer: Striatum
Are there DA neurons in the striatum ? - Answer: No
Where are the cell bodies for DA neurons located? - Answer: Brainstem
What parts of DA are located in the striatum ? - Answer: DA fibers, DA release at synapses,
& DA receptors/transporters
What are the monoamine neurons ? - Answer: Dopamine, Serotonin, & Norepinephrine
Where are monoamine neurons located? - Answer: Primarily in the Brainstem
Where do monoamine neurons send axon projections? - Answer: Throughout the brain
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,Where are the majority of dopamine neurons (cell bodies) located in ? - Answer: Substansia
Nigra & Ventral Tegumental Area (VTA)
What is the source and target of axons for the Nigrostriatal Pathway ? - Answer: source is
DA neurons in substansia nigra; target of axons is dorsal striatum
What is the source and target of axons for the mesolimbic pathway? - Answer: Source is DA
neurons in the VTA; Target of axons is nucleus accumbens and amygdala
What is the source and target of axons for the mesocortical Pathway? - Answer: Source is
DA neurons in VTA; Target of axons is prefrontal cortex
What are the limbic areas? - Answer: Moods, emotions, & rewards
What are Basal Ganglia circuits important for ? - Answer: voluntary movement, action
selection, procedural learning, habits
What are the major Input structures ? - Answer: Cortex; Glutamatergic (excitatory)
What are the major output structures? - Answer: GPI & snr; gabaergic (inhibitory)
Where do striatum projections (gabaergic go? - Answer: Directly to Output Structures (gpi ,
snr) or indirectly (gpe , STN)
What does the Direct Pathway do? - Answer: Excites targets of BG output (GO)
What does the indirect pathway do ? - Answer: Inhibits targets of BG output (No-go)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,What provides feedback in the system and complete the loops? - Answer: Midbrain
dopamine & thalamus
In the striatum, GABA neurons express what two receptors? - Answer: Dopamine DI
receptos (Gs) & D2 Receptor (Gi)
Which Pathway are D1 neurons apart of and what does Dopamine do ? - Answer: Direct
("Go"); activated
Which Pathway are D2 neurons apart of and what does Dopamine do ? - Answer: Indirect
("no-go"); inhibited
Do all addictive drugs have the same property of increasing dopamine? - Answer: yes, but it
is via different mechanisms
What are the components of reward learning? - Answer: Liking, Wanting, Reward prediction
What is liking, does it involve DA? - Answer: Affective/hedonic/pleasurable aspects (Does
NOT involve DA)
What is wanting, does it involve DA? - Answer: Motivational/Incentive/drive to Obtain
reward (Involves DA)
What is reward prediction, does it involve DA? - Answer: Learning about "cues" related to
reward (Involves DA)
Does liking involve Dopamine ? - Answer: No (does involve endogenous opoiods and
cannabinoids in nacc)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, Does wanting involve dopamine? - Answer: Yes
What shows a temp. Increase in firing rate when a reward is given unexpectedly? - Answer:
Dopamine Neurons
After training, when do DA neurons show increased firing? - Answer: when the CS is
presented rather than the reward
Reward Prediction Error - Answer: if reward is omitted , a decrease in DA neuron firing is
observed
What does positive Prediction Error activate ? - Answer: D1 cells (G, coupled) and Direct
Pathway
What does Negative Prediction Error Activate ? - Answer: D2 cells (Gi coupled) and Indirect
Pathway
Positive Prediction Error - Answer: more activity with unexpected reward
Zero Prediction Error - Answer: same activity for predicted reward
Negative Prediction Error - Answer: less activity with loss of reward
What are the teaching signals for learning about rewards? - Answer: Dopamine
What are the factors that cause Addiction? - Answer: Properties of drugs, Individual
differences (genetic & environmental), and Drug Induced Neuroadaptations
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
