NSG 533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
◉ Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia
(reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction
of cell 22 membranes and cell structure. Answer: What is oxygen
and oxygen-derived free radicals?
◉ Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very
low; ischemia and certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic
Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels of Ca++ continue to increase
with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes intracellular
damage by activating a number of enzymes. Answer: What is
intercellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
◉ Early loss of selective membrane permeability found in all forms
of cell injury. Answer: What is the stressor "defects in membrane
permeability"?
◉ oxygen required; oxidative phosphorylation. Answer: What
happens in the aerobic phase of cell respiration?
,◉ glucose molecules are split - glycolysis. Answer: What happens in
the anaerobic stage of cell respiration?
◉ FALSE - makes only 2 ATP. Answer: t/f: Glycolysis is an efficient
method of ATP production.
◉ TRUE: yield 36 ATP. Answer: t/f oxidative phosphorylation is an
efficient method of ATP production
◉ Hypoxia. Answer: What is the most common method of impairing
oxygen and ATP production?
◉ oxygen. Answer: What is needed so the aerobic phase and
progress and ATP can be produced?
◉ respiratory system abnormalities, flow problems (ischemia), lack
of sufficient hemoglobin to carry oxygen (anemia), and
hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobin is abnormal and cannot transport
oxygen appropriately). Answer: What are the four problems that can
result in hypoxia?
◉ Yes if blood flow is restored. Answer: Can damage be reversed in
hypoxia r/t ischemia?
, ◉ Reperfusion injuries. Answer: These injuries occur when blood
flow is restored
◉ energy. Answer: Ischemia can lead to impairment of _______
production in the cell.
◉ . Answer: Study figure 2.8 in book!
◉ NA-K-ATPase pump on cell membrane fail and anaerobic
glycolysis increases. Answer: What two things happen
simultaneously when ATP production decreases?
◉ this pump is responsible for maintaining differing concentrations
of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane.
most sodium ions are outside of the cell
most potassium ions are inside cell
sodium tends to leak in and potassium tends to leak out
the pump functions to retrieve potassium ions and bring them back
and retrieve sodium ions and send then out.. Answer: What does the
Na-K-ATPase pump do?
◉ controls volume of the cell - if more sodium came into cell water
would follow and cell would swell. Answer: What does maintenance
of ion concentration in the cell do?
EXAM 3 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
◉ Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia
(reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction
of cell 22 membranes and cell structure. Answer: What is oxygen
and oxygen-derived free radicals?
◉ Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very
low; ischemia and certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic
Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels of Ca++ continue to increase
with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes intracellular
damage by activating a number of enzymes. Answer: What is
intercellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
◉ Early loss of selective membrane permeability found in all forms
of cell injury. Answer: What is the stressor "defects in membrane
permeability"?
◉ oxygen required; oxidative phosphorylation. Answer: What
happens in the aerobic phase of cell respiration?
,◉ glucose molecules are split - glycolysis. Answer: What happens in
the anaerobic stage of cell respiration?
◉ FALSE - makes only 2 ATP. Answer: t/f: Glycolysis is an efficient
method of ATP production.
◉ TRUE: yield 36 ATP. Answer: t/f oxidative phosphorylation is an
efficient method of ATP production
◉ Hypoxia. Answer: What is the most common method of impairing
oxygen and ATP production?
◉ oxygen. Answer: What is needed so the aerobic phase and
progress and ATP can be produced?
◉ respiratory system abnormalities, flow problems (ischemia), lack
of sufficient hemoglobin to carry oxygen (anemia), and
hemoglobinopathies (hemoglobin is abnormal and cannot transport
oxygen appropriately). Answer: What are the four problems that can
result in hypoxia?
◉ Yes if blood flow is restored. Answer: Can damage be reversed in
hypoxia r/t ischemia?
, ◉ Reperfusion injuries. Answer: These injuries occur when blood
flow is restored
◉ energy. Answer: Ischemia can lead to impairment of _______
production in the cell.
◉ . Answer: Study figure 2.8 in book!
◉ NA-K-ATPase pump on cell membrane fail and anaerobic
glycolysis increases. Answer: What two things happen
simultaneously when ATP production decreases?
◉ this pump is responsible for maintaining differing concentrations
of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane.
most sodium ions are outside of the cell
most potassium ions are inside cell
sodium tends to leak in and potassium tends to leak out
the pump functions to retrieve potassium ions and bring them back
and retrieve sodium ions and send then out.. Answer: What does the
Na-K-ATPase pump do?
◉ controls volume of the cell - if more sodium came into cell water
would follow and cell would swell. Answer: What does maintenance
of ion concentration in the cell do?
