Fall Semester 2026 D236 – Pathophysiology Exam
Study Guide PDF | Disease Mechanisms, Cellular
Adaptation and Injury, Inflammation and Immune
Response, Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances,
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders, Endocrine
and Metabolic Conditions, Neurological Pathologies,
and Systemic Disease Processes | Comprehensive
Preparation Resource for Healthcare and Nursing
Students
, Question 1: What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating
hypertension?
a) Increasing sodium excretion
b) Inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
c) Direct vasodilation
d) Blockade of calcium channels
Correct Option: b) Inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Rationale: ACE inhibitors work by preventing the formation of angiotensin II, a potent
vasoconstrictor. This leads to reduced vascular resistance and lower blood pressure.
Question 2: In the context of diabetes mellitus, what is ‘diabetic ketoacidosis’?
a) A chronic complication of diabetes characterized by proteinuria
b) A condition arising from insufficient insulin leading to ketone body production
c) A rare autoimmune disorder affecting insulin receptors
d) A sudden drop in blood sugar levels
Correct Option: b) A condition arising from insufficient insulin leading to ketone
body production
Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body does not have enough insulin,
leading to fat breakdown and the production of ketones, which can cause metabolic
acidosis.
Question 3: Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of hyperthyroidism?
a) Weight loss
b) Increased sweating
c) Bradycardia
d) Nervousness
Correct Option: c) Bradycardia
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss,
increased sweating, and nervousness. Bradycardia is associated with hypothyroidism,
where heart rate slows down.
Question 4: The primary site of absorption for most nutrients in the digestive tract
is the:
a) Stomach
b) Large intestine
Study Guide PDF | Disease Mechanisms, Cellular
Adaptation and Injury, Inflammation and Immune
Response, Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances,
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders, Endocrine
and Metabolic Conditions, Neurological Pathologies,
and Systemic Disease Processes | Comprehensive
Preparation Resource for Healthcare and Nursing
Students
, Question 1: What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in treating
hypertension?
a) Increasing sodium excretion
b) Inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
c) Direct vasodilation
d) Blockade of calcium channels
Correct Option: b) Inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Rationale: ACE inhibitors work by preventing the formation of angiotensin II, a potent
vasoconstrictor. This leads to reduced vascular resistance and lower blood pressure.
Question 2: In the context of diabetes mellitus, what is ‘diabetic ketoacidosis’?
a) A chronic complication of diabetes characterized by proteinuria
b) A condition arising from insufficient insulin leading to ketone body production
c) A rare autoimmune disorder affecting insulin receptors
d) A sudden drop in blood sugar levels
Correct Option: b) A condition arising from insufficient insulin leading to ketone
body production
Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body does not have enough insulin,
leading to fat breakdown and the production of ketones, which can cause metabolic
acidosis.
Question 3: Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of hyperthyroidism?
a) Weight loss
b) Increased sweating
c) Bradycardia
d) Nervousness
Correct Option: c) Bradycardia
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss,
increased sweating, and nervousness. Bradycardia is associated with hypothyroidism,
where heart rate slows down.
Question 4: The primary site of absorption for most nutrients in the digestive tract
is the:
a) Stomach
b) Large intestine
