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NR283/ NR 283 FINAL EXAM | NEW 2026/ 2027
UPDATE | ATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE| TEST QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS| GRADED A+ | 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS)
Why is fibrinogen important at the site of injury? - ANS ✓Fibrinogen
transforms into fibrin to wall off the injured area, taking the foreign substances
to make a mesh to support blood clotting and healing
When the injury occurs, what stimulates the pain receptors? - ANS
✓Prostaglandins
Why does the hypothalamus increase the body temperature? - ANS
✓Pyrogens are released by macrophages when exposed to bacteria
What reaction in the body inhibits bacterial growth and causes the liver
and spleen to remove iron in the body that some bacteria use for growth? -
ANS ✓fever
What do cells release when they are attacked by viruses? - ANS ✓inferferons
Where do interferons travel to and why? - ANS ✓They spread the infected
cells to trigger the making of enzymes that would inhibit the viral replication
What system with about 20 blood plasma proteins gets activated to attack
the bacteria, causing it to let water into the bacteria's cell to swell, burst,
and die? - ANS ✓the complement system
What is the process called that starts with vasodilation; increases
permeability of vessels for the WBCs, macrophages, and plasma to go to the
foreign cells; and forms a coat around the microbe to kill them? - ANS
✓phagocytosis
Interleukin six is produced primarily by which type of cell?
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A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
B. Macrophages - ANS ✓A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
A client receiving an influenza vaccine (flu shot) asks when the
immunization will be effective. The nurse response based on the
knowledge that after receiving the vaccine, the levels of immunoglobulin M
(IgM) are high enough to provide immunization (select all that apply)
A. in 7 days
B. after 24 hours
C. in 10 days
D. in 48 hours
E. in 14 days
F. immediately - ANS ✓A. in 7 days
C. in 10 days
E. in 14 days
And elderly client is concerned about catching influenza. The nurse
understands that which immune system function changes occur with
increased age? (select all that apply)
A. Decreased levels of circulating autoantibodies
B. Increased thymic hormone production
C. Diminished T cell function
D. Reduced antibody response - ANS ✓C. Diminished T cell function
D. Reduced antibody response
Define and give and example of:
A. etiology
B. incidence
C. precipitating factor
D. complication
E. prognosis
F. iatrogenic - ANS ✓A. etiology - concerns the causative factors in a particular
disease
B. incidence - the number of new cases of a disease in a given population
noted within the stated time period.
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C. precipitating factor - A condition of triggers onset or exacerbation of
disease
D. complication - new secondary or additional problems that arise after the
original disease begins
E. prognosis - the probability of specific outcomes
F. iatrogenic - refers to a disease caused by the actions of a healthcare
worker, including treatment, diagnosis, or failure to recognize
complications
differentiate between the terms metaplasia and malignant neoplasm - ANS
✓METAPLASIA - occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by different
mature cell type is functional
Which are the most predominate proinflammatory factors?
A. interleukins
B. RBC
C. WBS - ANS ✓A. interleukins
In regards to wound healing, what is primary union? - ANS ✓Wound edges
can be matched together with serum and regeneration of tissue and connecting
capillaries, fibroblasts, and laying of collagen that pulls the sides together when
they shrink. There is typically very little tissue loss (e.g., surgical skin incision).
In regards to wound healing, what is secondary union? - ANS ✓It is a greater
area of tissue loss and more inflammation. Greater amounts of tissue
replacement, scar formation, and wound contraction result in a more lengthy
healing process (e.g., late stage pressure ulcer).
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM - referred to as cancer and involve dysplastic
tissues
Describe the changes in a cell that lead to:
A. loss of function
B. necrosis - ANS ✓A. LOSS OF FUNCTION - preceded by changes in so
metabolism because of changes in structure and function
NR283
NR
NR283/ NR 283 FINAL EXAM | NEW 2026/ 2027
UPDATE | ATHOPHYSIOLOGY GUIDE| TEST QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS| GRADED A+ | 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS)
Why is fibrinogen important at the site of injury? - ANS ✓Fibrinogen
transforms into fibrin to wall off the injured area, taking the foreign substances
to make a mesh to support blood clotting and healing
When the injury occurs, what stimulates the pain receptors? - ANS
✓Prostaglandins
Why does the hypothalamus increase the body temperature? - ANS
✓Pyrogens are released by macrophages when exposed to bacteria
What reaction in the body inhibits bacterial growth and causes the liver
and spleen to remove iron in the body that some bacteria use for growth? -
ANS ✓fever
What do cells release when they are attacked by viruses? - ANS ✓inferferons
Where do interferons travel to and why? - ANS ✓They spread the infected
cells to trigger the making of enzymes that would inhibit the viral replication
What system with about 20 blood plasma proteins gets activated to attack
the bacteria, causing it to let water into the bacteria's cell to swell, burst,
and die? - ANS ✓the complement system
What is the process called that starts with vasodilation; increases
permeability of vessels for the WBCs, macrophages, and plasma to go to the
foreign cells; and forms a coat around the microbe to kill them? - ANS
✓phagocytosis
Interleukin six is produced primarily by which type of cell?
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A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
B. Macrophages - ANS ✓A. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
A client receiving an influenza vaccine (flu shot) asks when the
immunization will be effective. The nurse response based on the
knowledge that after receiving the vaccine, the levels of immunoglobulin M
(IgM) are high enough to provide immunization (select all that apply)
A. in 7 days
B. after 24 hours
C. in 10 days
D. in 48 hours
E. in 14 days
F. immediately - ANS ✓A. in 7 days
C. in 10 days
E. in 14 days
And elderly client is concerned about catching influenza. The nurse
understands that which immune system function changes occur with
increased age? (select all that apply)
A. Decreased levels of circulating autoantibodies
B. Increased thymic hormone production
C. Diminished T cell function
D. Reduced antibody response - ANS ✓C. Diminished T cell function
D. Reduced antibody response
Define and give and example of:
A. etiology
B. incidence
C. precipitating factor
D. complication
E. prognosis
F. iatrogenic - ANS ✓A. etiology - concerns the causative factors in a particular
disease
B. incidence - the number of new cases of a disease in a given population
noted within the stated time period.
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C. precipitating factor - A condition of triggers onset or exacerbation of
disease
D. complication - new secondary or additional problems that arise after the
original disease begins
E. prognosis - the probability of specific outcomes
F. iatrogenic - refers to a disease caused by the actions of a healthcare
worker, including treatment, diagnosis, or failure to recognize
complications
differentiate between the terms metaplasia and malignant neoplasm - ANS
✓METAPLASIA - occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by different
mature cell type is functional
Which are the most predominate proinflammatory factors?
A. interleukins
B. RBC
C. WBS - ANS ✓A. interleukins
In regards to wound healing, what is primary union? - ANS ✓Wound edges
can be matched together with serum and regeneration of tissue and connecting
capillaries, fibroblasts, and laying of collagen that pulls the sides together when
they shrink. There is typically very little tissue loss (e.g., surgical skin incision).
In regards to wound healing, what is secondary union? - ANS ✓It is a greater
area of tissue loss and more inflammation. Greater amounts of tissue
replacement, scar formation, and wound contraction result in a more lengthy
healing process (e.g., late stage pressure ulcer).
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM - referred to as cancer and involve dysplastic
tissues
Describe the changes in a cell that lead to:
A. loss of function
B. necrosis - ANS ✓A. LOSS OF FUNCTION - preceded by changes in so
metabolism because of changes in structure and function
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