NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (Latest 2026/
2027 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology |
Questions and Verified Answers Plus
Rationales| 100% Correct |Grade A –
Chamberlain|| Pdf download
1. Which mechanism best explains primary hypertension?
A. Increased renin secretion due to renal artery stenosis
B. Decreased sodium reabsorption in the kidney
C. Increased systemic vascular resistance
D. Reduced sympathetic nervous system activity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Primary (essential) hypertension is mainly caused by increased systemic vascular
resistance due to genetic, neurohormonal, and endothelial factors.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with SIADH?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SIADH causes excessive water retention, diluting serum sodium and resulting in
hyponatremia.
3. What is the hallmark pathophysiologic feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Decreased insulin receptor sensitivity
D. Excess glucagon production
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
4. Which hormone primarily regulates calcium levels by increasing bone
resorption?
A. Calcitonin
B. Vitamin D
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: PTH raises serum calcium by stimulating bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and
intestinal absorption.
5. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia primarily due to:
A. Iron deficiency
B. Reduced erythropoietin production
C. Bone marrow suppression
D. Increased RBC destruction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease reduces erythropoietin production, decreasing red blood
cell synthesis.
6. What causes edema in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Increased sodium retention
B. Reduced glomerular filtration rate
C. Loss of plasma proteins
D. Increased aldosterone secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of albumin lowers oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to leak into interstitial
spaces.
, 7. Which condition is associated with left-sided heart failure?
A. Peripheral edema
B. Jugular venous distention
C. Pulmonary congestion
D. Hepatosplenomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion due to blood backing up into
the lungs.
8. The primary pathophysiologic mechanism of asthma is:
A. Destruction of alveoli
B. Bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation
C. Loss of surfactant
D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Asthma is characterized by reversible airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction,
and mucus production.
9. Which acid–base disorder is indicated by low pH and high PaCO₂?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated PaCO₂ causes respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation.
10. What is the primary cause of hypoxemia in COPD?
A. Diffusion impairment
B. Ventilation–perfusion mismatch
C. Reduced cardiac output
D. Anemia
2027 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology |
Questions and Verified Answers Plus
Rationales| 100% Correct |Grade A –
Chamberlain|| Pdf download
1. Which mechanism best explains primary hypertension?
A. Increased renin secretion due to renal artery stenosis
B. Decreased sodium reabsorption in the kidney
C. Increased systemic vascular resistance
D. Reduced sympathetic nervous system activity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Primary (essential) hypertension is mainly caused by increased systemic vascular
resistance due to genetic, neurohormonal, and endothelial factors.
2. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with SIADH?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: SIADH causes excessive water retention, diluting serum sodium and resulting in
hyponatremia.
3. What is the hallmark pathophysiologic feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Decreased insulin receptor sensitivity
D. Excess glucagon production
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
4. Which hormone primarily regulates calcium levels by increasing bone
resorption?
A. Calcitonin
B. Vitamin D
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: PTH raises serum calcium by stimulating bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and
intestinal absorption.
5. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia primarily due to:
A. Iron deficiency
B. Reduced erythropoietin production
C. Bone marrow suppression
D. Increased RBC destruction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease reduces erythropoietin production, decreasing red blood
cell synthesis.
6. What causes edema in nephrotic syndrome?
A. Increased sodium retention
B. Reduced glomerular filtration rate
C. Loss of plasma proteins
D. Increased aldosterone secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of albumin lowers oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to leak into interstitial
spaces.
, 7. Which condition is associated with left-sided heart failure?
A. Peripheral edema
B. Jugular venous distention
C. Pulmonary congestion
D. Hepatosplenomegaly
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary congestion due to blood backing up into
the lungs.
8. The primary pathophysiologic mechanism of asthma is:
A. Destruction of alveoli
B. Bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation
C. Loss of surfactant
D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Asthma is characterized by reversible airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction,
and mucus production.
9. Which acid–base disorder is indicated by low pH and high PaCO₂?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Elevated PaCO₂ causes respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation.
10. What is the primary cause of hypoxemia in COPD?
A. Diffusion impairment
B. Ventilation–perfusion mismatch
C. Reduced cardiac output
D. Anemia
