BIOL 3060 Exam 3 Study Guide – Translation,
Transcription & Protein Synthesis|Questions with A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
What is the energy molecule of translation?
A) ATP
B) GTP
C) GDP
B
Transcription initiation in bacteria involves:
A) The Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence
B) The Kozac sequence
A
Transcription initiation in eukaryotes involves:
A) The Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence
B) The Kozac sequence
B
Protein synthesis terminates when the ribosome translocates to a termination _______. These
include UAA, UAG, and UGA. Proteins called release factors bind to the ribosome.
codon
True or false? Bacterial ribosomes are able to "proofread" and the ribosome checks the
interaction between the mRNA and the tRNA in the P site.
True
True or false? Eukaryotic cells do not "proofread" after transcription.
True
True or false? In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mRNA molecules are translated
simultaneously by multiple ribosomes - a structure called a polyribosome or polysome.
True
,True or False? Posttranslational modifications of proteins often occurs, and includes folding
and/or molecular chaperones that aid in the protein folding.
True
Encode proteins that are used in metabolism or biosynthesis or that play a structural role in the
cell
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
A
Encoding products that interact with other sequences and affect the transcription and
translation of these sequences
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
B
DNA sequences that are not transcribed but play a role in regulating other nucleotide
sequences
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
C
Structural genes that encode essential cellular functions, are expressed continually.
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
D
,Stimulate gene expression
A) Positive control
B) Negative control
A
Inhibit gene expression
A) Positive control
B) Negative control
B
60-90 amino acids, responsible for binding to DNA, and forms hydrogen bonds with the DNA
and affect the expression of genes.
A) Domain
B) Motif
A
Within the binding domain, a simple structure that fits into the major groove of the DNA
A) Domain
B) Motif
B
_______: A group of bacterial structural genes that are transcribed together. They regulate the
expression of structural genes by controlling transcription.
Operon
How do amino acids in DNA-binding proteins interact with DNA?
A) By forming covalent bonds with DNA bases
B) By forming hydrogen bonds with DNA bases
C) By forming covalent bonds with sugars.
B
A regulatory protein is a repressor, binding to DNA and inhibiting transcription
, A) Negative control
B) Positive control
A
A regulatory protein is an activator, stimulating transcription
A) Negative control
B) Positive control
B
Operons in which transcription is normally off (not taking place)
A) Inducible operons
B) Repressible operons
A
Operons in which transcription is normally on (taking place)
A) Inducible operons
B) Repressible operons
B
_________ gene: DNA sequence encoding products that affect the operon function, but are not
part of the operon
Regulator
The control at the operator site is negative. Molecule binding is to the operator, inhibiting
transcription. Such operons are usually off and need to be turned on, so the transcription is
inducible. Inducers, a small molecule that binds to the repressor and allows transcription to take
place.
A) Negative inducible operons
B) Negative repressible operons
A
The control at the operator site is negative. But such transcription is usually on and needs to be
turned off, so the transcription is repressible. A corepressor, a small molecule, minds to the
repressor and makes it able to bind to the operator to turn off transcription.
Transcription & Protein Synthesis|Questions with A+
Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
What is the energy molecule of translation?
A) ATP
B) GTP
C) GDP
B
Transcription initiation in bacteria involves:
A) The Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence
B) The Kozac sequence
A
Transcription initiation in eukaryotes involves:
A) The Shine-Dalgarno consensus sequence
B) The Kozac sequence
B
Protein synthesis terminates when the ribosome translocates to a termination _______. These
include UAA, UAG, and UGA. Proteins called release factors bind to the ribosome.
codon
True or false? Bacterial ribosomes are able to "proofread" and the ribosome checks the
interaction between the mRNA and the tRNA in the P site.
True
True or false? Eukaryotic cells do not "proofread" after transcription.
True
True or false? In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mRNA molecules are translated
simultaneously by multiple ribosomes - a structure called a polyribosome or polysome.
True
,True or False? Posttranslational modifications of proteins often occurs, and includes folding
and/or molecular chaperones that aid in the protein folding.
True
Encode proteins that are used in metabolism or biosynthesis or that play a structural role in the
cell
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
A
Encoding products that interact with other sequences and affect the transcription and
translation of these sequences
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
B
DNA sequences that are not transcribed but play a role in regulating other nucleotide
sequences
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
C
Structural genes that encode essential cellular functions, are expressed continually.
A) Structural genes
B) Regulatory genes
C) Regulatory elements
D) Constitutive genes
D
,Stimulate gene expression
A) Positive control
B) Negative control
A
Inhibit gene expression
A) Positive control
B) Negative control
B
60-90 amino acids, responsible for binding to DNA, and forms hydrogen bonds with the DNA
and affect the expression of genes.
A) Domain
B) Motif
A
Within the binding domain, a simple structure that fits into the major groove of the DNA
A) Domain
B) Motif
B
_______: A group of bacterial structural genes that are transcribed together. They regulate the
expression of structural genes by controlling transcription.
Operon
How do amino acids in DNA-binding proteins interact with DNA?
A) By forming covalent bonds with DNA bases
B) By forming hydrogen bonds with DNA bases
C) By forming covalent bonds with sugars.
B
A regulatory protein is a repressor, binding to DNA and inhibiting transcription
, A) Negative control
B) Positive control
A
A regulatory protein is an activator, stimulating transcription
A) Negative control
B) Positive control
B
Operons in which transcription is normally off (not taking place)
A) Inducible operons
B) Repressible operons
A
Operons in which transcription is normally on (taking place)
A) Inducible operons
B) Repressible operons
B
_________ gene: DNA sequence encoding products that affect the operon function, but are not
part of the operon
Regulator
The control at the operator site is negative. Molecule binding is to the operator, inhibiting
transcription. Such operons are usually off and need to be turned on, so the transcription is
inducible. Inducers, a small molecule that binds to the repressor and allows transcription to take
place.
A) Negative inducible operons
B) Negative repressible operons
A
The control at the operator site is negative. But such transcription is usually on and needs to be
turned off, so the transcription is repressible. A corepressor, a small molecule, minds to the
repressor and makes it able to bind to the operator to turn off transcription.
