APEA PREDICTOR REMEDIATION STUDY SET 2026 UPDATED
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES |
INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD
AFIB/ EKG finding - correct answer -Abnormal atrial depolarization w/ normal ventricular
depolarization
CHAOS IN THE ATRIUM
NO P waves
Types of AFIB - correct answer -Controlled- <100 bpm
Uncontrolled- >100 bpm
Management & Meds ( rate control, rhythm control, anticoags) - correct answer -Rate control:
Metoprolol (BBS) or Diltiazem (CCBs)
rhythm control w/ antiarrhythmics ( Amiodarone)
Anticoags- Warfarin - ASSESS CHADS-VASC score
CHADS-VASC score - correct answer -Stroke risk tool used for AFIB
CHF, HTN, >/= 75 yo, DM, prior stroke/ TIA/Thromboembolism
Amiodarone (MOA, LONG TERM USE CAUSES?) - correct answer -prevents conduction of
unwanted cardiac impulses
Test tip: assess chest x-ray & PFTs prior to initiation
Long term use can lead to hypothyroidism, pulmonary toxicity & optic neuropathy
Warfarin - correct answer -normal:1 goal:2-3,
Tx: if <2 increase dose; antidote: Vitamin K
,INR 2-9: hold & drop dose
INR >10 (- BLEEDING): Oral Vit K
INR >10 (+ BLEEDING_): IV vit K
Things to avoid with Wafarin - correct answer -Green leafy vegs, mayo, canola oil, beef liver,
Drug to drug interaction (Warfarin) 8 A'S - correct answer -ABX, antifungal, antidepressants,
alternative (St. Johns wort, Gingko), antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatories, amiodarone,
acetaminophen
HTN (goal) - correct answer -<140/90 in pts <60 and past hx of HTN/DM
<150/90 in pts >60 (more flexibity b/c arteries get stiff)
JNC <130/80; If ACVSD risk >10 initiate HTN meds
TX HTN (1ST) - correct answer -Lifestyle modifications, herbal ( COQ10)
ACE Inhibitors ( slow down how much AT2 your body makes) - correct answer -"PRIL" Captopril,
Enalapril, Afosiopril
Antihypertensive. Blocks ACE ( angiotension converting enzyme) lungs from converting
angiotensin I to angiotensin II (powerful vasoconstrictor). Decreases BP, Decreased Aldosterone
secretions, Sodium and fluid loss. Heart and renal protective for DM
*Orthostatic Hypotension, cough, angioedema, HYPERKALEMIA RISK
ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) ( blocks the receptors that use AT2 use to narrow the blood
vessels) - correct answer --Sartan (losartan
antagonizes action of aldosterone
Heart and renal protective for DM
, Hyperkalemia risk, dizziness
THIAZIDE - correct answer -HCTZ or chlorthalidone
Blocks the sodium chloride channel in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney( decrease
sodium reabsorption and therefore decreases fluid reabsorption)
preferred in osteoporosis & AA pts.
Avoid in pts w/ hypercholestermia, gout and DM; causes increases in uric acid, glucose,
triglycerides, and calcium
Calcium channel blockers - correct answer -agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen
and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation;
used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Preferred in >65 yo & AA pts
SE: ankle edema, headaches
AVOID IN PTS WITH GERD- WEAKENS GASTRIC SPHINCTER
Idiopathic systolic HTN - correct answer -Caused by stiff arteries; overactive thyroid, DM, seen
in pts >60; bp goal: <150 systolic
TX: CCB
Kawaski (CREAM) - correct answer -Acute febrile illness of unknown cause resulting in vascular
inflammation
leading cause of heart disease in < 5 yo
high fever (up to 104 greater than 5 days), strawberry tongue, peripheral edema, conjunctival
redness, peeling polymorphic rash over trunk, cervical lymphadenopathy (Often unilateral) dry
lips, hand/foot swelling
TX of Kawasaki - correct answer -Aspirin & IVIG
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES |
INSTANT PDF DOWNLOAD
AFIB/ EKG finding - correct answer -Abnormal atrial depolarization w/ normal ventricular
depolarization
CHAOS IN THE ATRIUM
NO P waves
Types of AFIB - correct answer -Controlled- <100 bpm
Uncontrolled- >100 bpm
Management & Meds ( rate control, rhythm control, anticoags) - correct answer -Rate control:
Metoprolol (BBS) or Diltiazem (CCBs)
rhythm control w/ antiarrhythmics ( Amiodarone)
Anticoags- Warfarin - ASSESS CHADS-VASC score
CHADS-VASC score - correct answer -Stroke risk tool used for AFIB
CHF, HTN, >/= 75 yo, DM, prior stroke/ TIA/Thromboembolism
Amiodarone (MOA, LONG TERM USE CAUSES?) - correct answer -prevents conduction of
unwanted cardiac impulses
Test tip: assess chest x-ray & PFTs prior to initiation
Long term use can lead to hypothyroidism, pulmonary toxicity & optic neuropathy
Warfarin - correct answer -normal:1 goal:2-3,
Tx: if <2 increase dose; antidote: Vitamin K
,INR 2-9: hold & drop dose
INR >10 (- BLEEDING): Oral Vit K
INR >10 (+ BLEEDING_): IV vit K
Things to avoid with Wafarin - correct answer -Green leafy vegs, mayo, canola oil, beef liver,
Drug to drug interaction (Warfarin) 8 A'S - correct answer -ABX, antifungal, antidepressants,
alternative (St. Johns wort, Gingko), antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatories, amiodarone,
acetaminophen
HTN (goal) - correct answer -<140/90 in pts <60 and past hx of HTN/DM
<150/90 in pts >60 (more flexibity b/c arteries get stiff)
JNC <130/80; If ACVSD risk >10 initiate HTN meds
TX HTN (1ST) - correct answer -Lifestyle modifications, herbal ( COQ10)
ACE Inhibitors ( slow down how much AT2 your body makes) - correct answer -"PRIL" Captopril,
Enalapril, Afosiopril
Antihypertensive. Blocks ACE ( angiotension converting enzyme) lungs from converting
angiotensin I to angiotensin II (powerful vasoconstrictor). Decreases BP, Decreased Aldosterone
secretions, Sodium and fluid loss. Heart and renal protective for DM
*Orthostatic Hypotension, cough, angioedema, HYPERKALEMIA RISK
ARB (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) ( blocks the receptors that use AT2 use to narrow the blood
vessels) - correct answer --Sartan (losartan
antagonizes action of aldosterone
Heart and renal protective for DM
, Hyperkalemia risk, dizziness
THIAZIDE - correct answer -HCTZ or chlorthalidone
Blocks the sodium chloride channel in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney( decrease
sodium reabsorption and therefore decreases fluid reabsorption)
preferred in osteoporosis & AA pts.
Avoid in pts w/ hypercholestermia, gout and DM; causes increases in uric acid, glucose,
triglycerides, and calcium
Calcium channel blockers - correct answer -agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen
and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation;
used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
Preferred in >65 yo & AA pts
SE: ankle edema, headaches
AVOID IN PTS WITH GERD- WEAKENS GASTRIC SPHINCTER
Idiopathic systolic HTN - correct answer -Caused by stiff arteries; overactive thyroid, DM, seen
in pts >60; bp goal: <150 systolic
TX: CCB
Kawaski (CREAM) - correct answer -Acute febrile illness of unknown cause resulting in vascular
inflammation
leading cause of heart disease in < 5 yo
high fever (up to 104 greater than 5 days), strawberry tongue, peripheral edema, conjunctival
redness, peeling polymorphic rash over trunk, cervical lymphadenopathy (Often unilateral) dry
lips, hand/foot swelling
TX of Kawasaki - correct answer -Aspirin & IVIG
