FINAL EXAM: Edapt Notes
Weeks 1-3
Hypersensitivity & Anemia
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
NR507\Edapts
\ Week\1
EDapt\Module\Questions
❖ Hives\(Urticaria)\-\Type\1\Allergic\Reaction\–\dermal/skin\manifestation.
❖ Allergic\Contact\Dermatitis\–\Type\4\Allergic\Reaction\-
\an\example\of\a\Type\ IV\hypersensitivity\reaction\mediated\by\T-
cells.\When\the\individual\comes\in\ contact\with\the\antigen\(e.g.\poison\ivy),\an\an
tigen\complex\is\formed.\On\ subsequent\exposure\to\the\antigen,\sensitized\T-
cells\activate\the\inflammatory\ process\that\causes\the\allergic\contact\dermatitis\t
o\appear.
❖ Type\2\(Cytotoxic/tissue-
specific)\hypersensitivity\reactions\are\mediated\by:\IgG\ or\IgM.
❖ Which\of\the\following\are\considered\the\“first\responders”\of\the\innate\immune\ s
ystem?\Neutrophils\appear\first\in\any\immune\response.
❖ Anaphylaxis\is\a\Type\1\Allergic\Reaction\-
\Type\1\hypersensitivity\reactions\are\ mediated\by\IgE\and\mast\cells.\An\individual
\who\is\highly\sensitized\to\the\ antigen\may\experience\anaphylaxis.
❖ Damage\occurs\with\ABO\incompatibility\because:\Complement\damages\RBC\
membrane\causing\cell\lysis.\Damage\from\ABO\incompatibility\occurs\because\ o
f\the\effects\of\complement\on\the\RBC\membrane\that\results\in\RBC\lysis.
❖ The\diagnosis\for\an\individual\who\presents\to\the\office\with\sudden\swollen\ li
ps\and\eyes,\shortness\of\breath\and\throat\tightness\after\a\bee\sting\is:\ anaph
ylaxis.\The\symptoms\are\consistent\with\the\life-
threating\condition,\ anaphylaxis\after\being\exposed.\to\a\bee\sting.
❖ Which\of\the\following\assessment\findings\would\be\expected\in\a\patient\who\ pr
esents\with\urticaria?\Eosinophilia.\Eosinophils\are\present\in\the\allergic\ reactio
n.
❖ Type\IV\cytotoxic\hypersensitivity\reactions\are\mediated\by:\T-cells.
Types\of\Hypersensitivity\Reactions
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Type ❖ Mechanism Example ❖ Pathology
❖ Mast\cell\degranulation
❖ IgE\action\on\mast\
I. Hay\fever \ results\in\an\ inflammat
cells
ory\response
❖ Tissue-
specific\ destru
ction\or\ impair
ment\ because\
of:
❖ Antibody\binding
\ followed\by\lysis
❖ 1-
\ via\complement
Complement\ damag
❖ Antibody\binding
1-ABO es\RBC\ membrane\
\ followed\by\ mac
incompatibility and\cells\ lyse
II. rophage\ phagoc
\ 5- ❖ 5-
ytosis
Graves'\ disea Autoantibodies\ specif
❖ Antibody\binding
se ic\for\thyroid\ tissue\im
\ followed\by\ neut
pair\receptor\ for\TSH
rophil\ destructio
n
❖ Antibody-
\ dependent\cel
l\ (NK)-
mediated\ cytot
oxicity,\or
❖ Antireceptor
III. ❖ Antigen- Raynaud’s\ p ❖ Complex\deposited\in\ s
\ antibodies
Antibody\ complex\ henomenon mall\peripheral\ vessels\
deposited\ in\tissue in\cool\ temperatures\le
s ading
to\vasoconstriction\and
Downloaded\by\Benjamin\Luca\()
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blocked\circulation
❖ Contact
❖ Cytotoxic\T\cell- ❖ T\cells\attack\tissue\ d
IV. dermatitis\(e.g.,
\ mediated irectly\(no\antibody)
\ poison\ivy)
Edapt\Slides
Type\I:\Allergic\Reaction
On\initial\encounter\with\an\allergen,\the\individual\will\first\produce\IgE\antibodies.\Afte\ r\t
he\allergen\is\cleared,\the\remaining\IgE\molecules\will\be\bound\by\mast\cells,\baso\ phils
,\and\eosinophils\that\contain\receptors\for\the\IgE\molecules.\This\process\is\refer\ red\to\
as\sensitization.\On\subsequent\exposure\to\the\allergen,\the\IgE\molecules\locat\ ed\on\t
he\sensitized\cells\induces\their\immediate\degranulation.\This\causes\the\releas\ e\of\infl
ammatory\mediators\such\as\histamine,\leukotrienes,\and\prostaglandins\that\re\ sults\in\v
asodilation,\bronchial\smooth\muscle\contraction,\and\mucus\production.\Type\ I\hyperse
nsitivity\reactions\can\be\local\or\systemic.\Systemic\reactions\can\result\in\an\ aphylaxis,\
a\potentially\life
threatening\condition.\Allergic\asthma\is\an\example\of\a\Type\I\hypersensitivity\reactio
n. On\exposure\to\certain\allergens\(typically\inhaled),\individuals\with\allergic\asthma\e\ x
perience\inflammation\of\the\airways,\characterized\by\tissue\swelling\and\excessive\ mu
cus\production.\This\narrowing\of\the\airways\makes\it\difficult\to\breathe.
Type\II\Hypersensitivity\Reaction
A\Type\II\hypersensitivity\reaction\is\tissue-
specific\and\usually\occurs\as\a\result\of\ haptens\that\cause\an\IgG\antibody\or\IgM\antib
ody\mediated\response.\The\antibodies\ are\specifically\directed\to\the\antigen\located\on\
the\cell\membrane.\A\hapten\is\a\ small\molecule\that\can\cause\an\immune\response\wh
en\it\attaches\to\a\protein.
Macrophages\are\the\primary\effector\cells\of\Type\II\responses.\Typical\examples\of
Downloaded\by\Benjamin\Luca\()
Weeks 1-3
Hypersensitivity & Anemia
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
NR507\Edapts
\ Week\1
EDapt\Module\Questions
❖ Hives\(Urticaria)\-\Type\1\Allergic\Reaction\–\dermal/skin\manifestation.
❖ Allergic\Contact\Dermatitis\–\Type\4\Allergic\Reaction\-
\an\example\of\a\Type\ IV\hypersensitivity\reaction\mediated\by\T-
cells.\When\the\individual\comes\in\ contact\with\the\antigen\(e.g.\poison\ivy),\an\an
tigen\complex\is\formed.\On\ subsequent\exposure\to\the\antigen,\sensitized\T-
cells\activate\the\inflammatory\ process\that\causes\the\allergic\contact\dermatitis\t
o\appear.
❖ Type\2\(Cytotoxic/tissue-
specific)\hypersensitivity\reactions\are\mediated\by:\IgG\ or\IgM.
❖ Which\of\the\following\are\considered\the\“first\responders”\of\the\innate\immune\ s
ystem?\Neutrophils\appear\first\in\any\immune\response.
❖ Anaphylaxis\is\a\Type\1\Allergic\Reaction\-
\Type\1\hypersensitivity\reactions\are\ mediated\by\IgE\and\mast\cells.\An\individual
\who\is\highly\sensitized\to\the\ antigen\may\experience\anaphylaxis.
❖ Damage\occurs\with\ABO\incompatibility\because:\Complement\damages\RBC\
membrane\causing\cell\lysis.\Damage\from\ABO\incompatibility\occurs\because\ o
f\the\effects\of\complement\on\the\RBC\membrane\that\results\in\RBC\lysis.
❖ The\diagnosis\for\an\individual\who\presents\to\the\office\with\sudden\swollen\ li
ps\and\eyes,\shortness\of\breath\and\throat\tightness\after\a\bee\sting\is:\ anaph
ylaxis.\The\symptoms\are\consistent\with\the\life-
threating\condition,\ anaphylaxis\after\being\exposed.\to\a\bee\sting.
❖ Which\of\the\following\assessment\findings\would\be\expected\in\a\patient\who\ pr
esents\with\urticaria?\Eosinophilia.\Eosinophils\are\present\in\the\allergic\ reactio
n.
❖ Type\IV\cytotoxic\hypersensitivity\reactions\are\mediated\by:\T-cells.
Types\of\Hypersensitivity\Reactions
Downloaded\by\Benjamin\Luca\()
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
Type ❖ Mechanism Example ❖ Pathology
❖ Mast\cell\degranulation
❖ IgE\action\on\mast\
I. Hay\fever \ results\in\an\ inflammat
cells
ory\response
❖ Tissue-
specific\ destru
ction\or\ impair
ment\ because\
of:
❖ Antibody\binding
\ followed\by\lysis
❖ 1-
\ via\complement
Complement\ damag
❖ Antibody\binding
1-ABO es\RBC\ membrane\
\ followed\by\ mac
incompatibility and\cells\ lyse
II. rophage\ phagoc
\ 5- ❖ 5-
ytosis
Graves'\ disea Autoantibodies\ specif
❖ Antibody\binding
se ic\for\thyroid\ tissue\im
\ followed\by\ neut
pair\receptor\ for\TSH
rophil\ destructio
n
❖ Antibody-
\ dependent\cel
l\ (NK)-
mediated\ cytot
oxicity,\or
❖ Antireceptor
III. ❖ Antigen- Raynaud’s\ p ❖ Complex\deposited\in\ s
\ antibodies
Antibody\ complex\ henomenon mall\peripheral\ vessels\
deposited\ in\tissue in\cool\ temperatures\le
s ading
to\vasoconstriction\and
Downloaded\by\Benjamin\Luca\()
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
blocked\circulation
❖ Contact
❖ Cytotoxic\T\cell- ❖ T\cells\attack\tissue\ d
IV. dermatitis\(e.g.,
\ mediated irectly\(no\antibody)
\ poison\ivy)
Edapt\Slides
Type\I:\Allergic\Reaction
On\initial\encounter\with\an\allergen,\the\individual\will\first\produce\IgE\antibodies.\Afte\ r\t
he\allergen\is\cleared,\the\remaining\IgE\molecules\will\be\bound\by\mast\cells,\baso\ phils
,\and\eosinophils\that\contain\receptors\for\the\IgE\molecules.\This\process\is\refer\ red\to\
as\sensitization.\On\subsequent\exposure\to\the\allergen,\the\IgE\molecules\locat\ ed\on\t
he\sensitized\cells\induces\their\immediate\degranulation.\This\causes\the\releas\ e\of\infl
ammatory\mediators\such\as\histamine,\leukotrienes,\and\prostaglandins\that\re\ sults\in\v
asodilation,\bronchial\smooth\muscle\contraction,\and\mucus\production.\Type\ I\hyperse
nsitivity\reactions\can\be\local\or\systemic.\Systemic\reactions\can\result\in\an\ aphylaxis,\
a\potentially\life
threatening\condition.\Allergic\asthma\is\an\example\of\a\Type\I\hypersensitivity\reactio
n. On\exposure\to\certain\allergens\(typically\inhaled),\individuals\with\allergic\asthma\e\ x
perience\inflammation\of\the\airways,\characterized\by\tissue\swelling\and\excessive\ mu
cus\production.\This\narrowing\of\the\airways\makes\it\difficult\to\breathe.
Type\II\Hypersensitivity\Reaction
A\Type\II\hypersensitivity\reaction\is\tissue-
specific\and\usually\occurs\as\a\result\of\ haptens\that\cause\an\IgG\antibody\or\IgM\antib
ody\mediated\response.\The\antibodies\ are\specifically\directed\to\the\antigen\located\on\
the\cell\membrane.\A\hapten\is\a\ small\molecule\that\can\cause\an\immune\response\wh
en\it\attaches\to\a\protein.
Macrophages\are\the\primary\effector\cells\of\Type\II\responses.\Typical\examples\of
Downloaded\by\Benjamin\Luca\()
