2025/2026 BIO 189- NURSING

BIOL 189 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE ANSWERS
2026-2027

Protonsu- uCORRECTuANSWER--upositiveucharge

-uinuthe unucleus

-u1.7ux u10^-24ugrams

-uimportantubecause uit'suhowuweuidentifyuelements



Neutronsu-uCORRECTuANSWER--uneutral ucharge

-uinuthe unucleus

-u1.7ux u10^-24ugrams

-uimportantubecause uitudeterminesuthe uatomicumassuof uanuelement



Electronsu-uCORRECTuANSWER--unegativeucharge

-uexistuinuorbitsu(energyulevels) usurroundingunucleus

-u2,000utimesulighteruthanuprotonsuanduneutrons

-uImportantubecauseuitsupositionudeterminesuhow/whyuoneuelementuinteractsuwithuanotheruelement



Atomicunumberu-uCORRECTuANSWER-#uofuprotons



Atomicumassu-uCORRECTuANSWER-#uofuprotonsu+u#uofuneutrons



Isotopesu-uCORRECTuANSWER-sameuatomicunumberubutudifferentuatomicumass.u



same u#uof uprotonsubutuaudifferentu#uofuneutrons

,ElectronuPairinguRule u-uCORRECTuANSWER-1) uelectronsulike utoube upairedu

2) uorbitsulikeutoubeufull.u



1stuenergyulevelu=u2ue-

2nduenergyulevel u=u4usub-orbitsu=u8ue-3rduenergyulevel u=u8ue-



Whyudouwe ulikeucarbon,uoxygen,unitrogen,uanduhydrogen?u-uCORRECTuANSWER-
because utheyumakeuupumostuofuanyubiological ucelluofulivinguthings.



Hu=u1uunpairedue-u=u1ubond

Ou=u2uunpairedue- u=u2ubonds

Nu=u3uunpairedue- u=u3ubonds

Cu=u4uunpairedue-u=u4ubonds



Ionicubondu-uCORRECTuANSWER-completeutransferuofuelectronsubetweenuaumetalu(losesue-
) uanduaunonmetalu(gainsue-).



Ex:uNaCl



polarucovalentubondu-uCORRECTuANSWER-unequalusharinguofuelectrons



nonpolarucovalentubondu-uCORRECTuANSWER-equalusharinguofuelectrons



Hydrogenubondu-uCORRECTuANSWER-
interactionubetweenuaunegative uatomuanduhydrogen,uinuwhichuthatuhydrogenuisualreadyupartuofuaupolaruco
valentubond.



*uausingle uH2Oumolecule uCANNOTuhave uauHubondu

*uCovalentubondsuareutheuSTRONGESTu*uHydrogenubondsuareuthe uWEAKEST

, Whatudoesuanyupropertyuof uwaterudependuupon?u-uCORRECTuANSWER-*Hydrogenubonds*



Propertiesuof uwateru=ucohesive,ustabilizeutemperatures,uiceufloats,usolventuofulife



Carbohydratesu-uCORRECTuANSWER-CxH2xOx



Cellulose u-uCORRECTuANSWER--upolysaccharide

-ucell uwalluofuplants



Glycogenu-uCORRECTuANSWER--upolysaccharide

-uhowuhumans/animalsustoreusugar



Starchu-uCORRECTuANSWER--upolysaccharide

-uhowupotatoesustore usugar



Chitinu-uCORRECTuANSWER--upolysaccharide

-uexoskeletonuofuinsects

-ucell uwalluofufungi



Lipidsu-uCORRECTuANSWER-CmanyHmanyOfew



Triglyceridesu-uCORRECTuANSWER--ulipid

-uglycerol u+u3ufattyuacids



Phospholipidsu-uCORRECTuANSWER-- ulipidu

-uglycerol uboundutoutwoufattyuacidsuanduauphosphateugroup.

-uhalf uhydrophobic, uhalfuhydrophilicu(amphipathic)

-uhydrophilicuphosphate uheadu+u2uhydrophobicufattyuacidutails