NR507 FINAL EXAM – ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW WITH
ACTUAL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
(CHAMBERLAIN 2026)
1. What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
a. Globulin
b. Albumin
c. Clotting factors
d. Complement proteins
Correct Answer: b. Albumin
Rationale : Albumin constitutes approximately 60% of total
plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dL, making it the
most abundant plasma protein responsible for maintaining oncotic
pressure.
2. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane
b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue
c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
d. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia
, Correct Answer: c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or
squamous cells
Rationale : Carcinoma in situ refers to preinvasive epithelial
malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin that are
confined to the epithelium without breaching the basement
membrane.
3. Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate
and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic
man?
a. Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
b. Gram-stain technique
c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
d. DNA testing
Correct Answer: b. Gram-stain technique
Rationale : Gram-stain reveals gram-negative diplococci inside
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which is diagnostic for Neisseria
gonorrhoeae in symptomatic males.
4. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which
cancer?
a. Ovarian
b. Uterine
c. Cervical
, d. Vaginal
Correct Answer: c. Cervical
Rationale : The Pap test examines cervical epithelial scrapings
to detect early oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections
associated with cervical cancer.
5. Causes of hyperkalemia include:
a. Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
b. Vomiting and diarrhea
c. Renal failure and Addison disease
d. Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Correct Answer: c. Renal failure and Addison disease
Rationale : Renal failure impairs potassium excretion, and
Addison disease reduces aldosterone, leading to potassium
retention.
6. What is the major concern regarding the treatment of
gonococci infections?
a. Development of antibiotic resistance
b. Changes in virulence
c. Changes in pathogenicity
d. Mutations into different strains
Correct Answer a. Development of antibiotic resistance
, Rationale Strains like penicillinase-producing Neisseria
gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and fluoroquinolone-resistant variants
highlight the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.
7. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an):
a. Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
b. Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another
person
c. Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in
disease
d. Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens
Correct Answer c. Altered immunologic response to an antigen
that results in disease
Rationale Hypersensitivity involves an exaggerated or
inappropriate immune response causing tissue damage or
disease.
8. Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?
a. IgM
b. IgG
c. IgE
d. IgA
Correct Answer c. IgE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVIEW WITH
ACTUAL 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
(CHAMBERLAIN 2026)
1. What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
a. Globulin
b. Albumin
c. Clotting factors
d. Complement proteins
Correct Answer: b. Albumin
Rationale : Albumin constitutes approximately 60% of total
plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dL, making it the
most abundant plasma protein responsible for maintaining oncotic
pressure.
2. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane
b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue
c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
d. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia
, Correct Answer: c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or
squamous cells
Rationale : Carcinoma in situ refers to preinvasive epithelial
malignant tumors of glandular or squamous origin that are
confined to the epithelium without breaching the basement
membrane.
3. Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate
and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic
man?
a. Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
b. Gram-stain technique
c. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
d. DNA testing
Correct Answer: b. Gram-stain technique
Rationale : Gram-stain reveals gram-negative diplococci inside
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which is diagnostic for Neisseria
gonorrhoeae in symptomatic males.
4. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which
cancer?
a. Ovarian
b. Uterine
c. Cervical
, d. Vaginal
Correct Answer: c. Cervical
Rationale : The Pap test examines cervical epithelial scrapings
to detect early oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections
associated with cervical cancer.
5. Causes of hyperkalemia include:
a. Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
b. Vomiting and diarrhea
c. Renal failure and Addison disease
d. Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Correct Answer: c. Renal failure and Addison disease
Rationale : Renal failure impairs potassium excretion, and
Addison disease reduces aldosterone, leading to potassium
retention.
6. What is the major concern regarding the treatment of
gonococci infections?
a. Development of antibiotic resistance
b. Changes in virulence
c. Changes in pathogenicity
d. Mutations into different strains
Correct Answer a. Development of antibiotic resistance
, Rationale Strains like penicillinase-producing Neisseria
gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and fluoroquinolone-resistant variants
highlight the growing issue of antibiotic resistance.
7. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an):
a. Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
b. Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another
person
c. Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in
disease
d. Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens
Correct Answer c. Altered immunologic response to an antigen
that results in disease
Rationale Hypersensitivity involves an exaggerated or
inappropriate immune response causing tissue damage or
disease.
8. Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?
a. IgM
b. IgG
c. IgE
d. IgA
Correct Answer c. IgE
