NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Exam Questions and Answers Latest 2025 Top
Rated A+
when one medication systemically alters the potency of
another medication.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
Absorption Interaction
caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available
at the various target sites.
Distribution Interaction
concentration of the medication after biotransformation into
active and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than
expected.
Metabolism Interaction
the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by
altering a metabolite from the body.
Elimination Interaction
does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism,
or elimination because of the one medication's ability to
manipulate the effect of another medication at its site of
action
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight
Practice Authority
refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe
medications.
prescriptive authority
Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients,
diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage
,treatments and prescribe medications, including controlled
substances without physician oversight.
Full-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice. The state requires a formal collaborative agreement
with an outside health discipline for the nurse practitioner to
provide patient care.
Reduced-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice by requiring supervision, delegation, or team
management by an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope
DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script
Schedule II drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone
An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often
precipitated by trauma and acute medical conditions or
treatment.
Acute Pain
Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Types of Acute Pain
episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be
intermittent or continuous
Chronic pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain
originates
Referred Pain
-Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
-Sharp and localized or dull and non-localized
-Responds best to: acetaminophen, corticosteroids, NSAIDs,
opiates, local anesthetics, ice, massage
,Acute Somatic Pain
Pain in the internal organs and abdomen
Poorly localized (C-fibers)
Radiates
Most responsive to opiates
May also use corticosteroids, NSAIDs
Acute Visceral Pain
any drug, natural or synthetic, that has actions similar to
those of morphine
Opioids
Mu (μ)
Kappa (k)
Delta (δ)
Opioid Receptor Families
(1) pure opioid agonists, (2) agonist-antagonist opioids, (3)
pure opioid antagonists.
At each type of receptor, a drug can act in one of three ways:
Opioid receptor most responsible for mediating analgesic
properties
Mu (u) Receptor
activate µ receptors and κ receptors. produce analgesia,
euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, physical
dependence, constipation, and other effects
Prototype Drug: MORPHINE
Pure opioid agonists
Prototype drug of pure opioid agonist; Strong Opioid Agonist
Morphine
A strong opioid analgesic with a high milligram potency
(about 100 times that of morphine).
Fentanyl
strong opioid agonists; moderate to strong opioid agonists
Subcategory of Pure Opioid Agonist
Oxycodone (Roxicodone, Oxycontin); Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Moderate to Strong Pure Opioid Agonists
, The actions of these drugs at µ and κ receptors When
administered alone, produce analgesia. However, if given to
a patient who is taking a pure opioid agonist, can antagonize
analgesia
Prototype Drug: Pentazocine
Agonist-Antagonist Opioids
drug is indicated for mild to moderate pain and is much less
effective than morphine against severe pain.
acts as an agonist at κ receptors and as an antagonist at µ
receptors.
the drug produces analgesia, sedation, and respiratory
depression.
If administered to a patient who is physically dependent on a
pure opioid agonist, can precipitate withdrawal; this is due to
agonist effect at (mu) receptor which this drug antagonizes.
Pentazocine (Talwin)
act as antagonists at µ and κ receptors; Their principal use is
reversal of respiratory and CNS depression caused by
overdose with opioid agonists.
methylnaltrexone—is used to treat opioid-induced
constipation.
Naloxone (Narcan) is the prototype of the pure opioid
antagonists.
Pure opioid antagonists
Moderate to Severe Pain
Opioid Pain Consideration
Referral to a pain specialist is required for patients who take
this dose of Morphine Milligram Equivalents
120 mg per day of morphine milligram equivalents
Sedation, Nausea/Vomiting, Constipation, Urinary Retention,
Potential for Addiction, Respiratory Depression; Pupillary
Dilation
Adverse Effects of Opioids
Exam Questions and Answers Latest 2025 Top
Rated A+
when one medication systemically alters the potency of
another medication.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
Absorption Interaction
caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available
at the various target sites.
Distribution Interaction
concentration of the medication after biotransformation into
active and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than
expected.
Metabolism Interaction
the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by
altering a metabolite from the body.
Elimination Interaction
does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism,
or elimination because of the one medication's ability to
manipulate the effect of another medication at its site of
action
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight
Practice Authority
refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe
medications.
prescriptive authority
Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients,
diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage
,treatments and prescribe medications, including controlled
substances without physician oversight.
Full-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice. The state requires a formal collaborative agreement
with an outside health discipline for the nurse practitioner to
provide patient care.
Reduced-practice scope
Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice by requiring supervision, delegation, or team
management by an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope
DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script
Schedule II drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone
An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often
precipitated by trauma and acute medical conditions or
treatment.
Acute Pain
Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Types of Acute Pain
episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be
intermittent or continuous
Chronic pain
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain
originates
Referred Pain
-Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
-Sharp and localized or dull and non-localized
-Responds best to: acetaminophen, corticosteroids, NSAIDs,
opiates, local anesthetics, ice, massage
,Acute Somatic Pain
Pain in the internal organs and abdomen
Poorly localized (C-fibers)
Radiates
Most responsive to opiates
May also use corticosteroids, NSAIDs
Acute Visceral Pain
any drug, natural or synthetic, that has actions similar to
those of morphine
Opioids
Mu (μ)
Kappa (k)
Delta (δ)
Opioid Receptor Families
(1) pure opioid agonists, (2) agonist-antagonist opioids, (3)
pure opioid antagonists.
At each type of receptor, a drug can act in one of three ways:
Opioid receptor most responsible for mediating analgesic
properties
Mu (u) Receptor
activate µ receptors and κ receptors. produce analgesia,
euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, physical
dependence, constipation, and other effects
Prototype Drug: MORPHINE
Pure opioid agonists
Prototype drug of pure opioid agonist; Strong Opioid Agonist
Morphine
A strong opioid analgesic with a high milligram potency
(about 100 times that of morphine).
Fentanyl
strong opioid agonists; moderate to strong opioid agonists
Subcategory of Pure Opioid Agonist
Oxycodone (Roxicodone, Oxycontin); Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Moderate to Strong Pure Opioid Agonists
, The actions of these drugs at µ and κ receptors When
administered alone, produce analgesia. However, if given to
a patient who is taking a pure opioid agonist, can antagonize
analgesia
Prototype Drug: Pentazocine
Agonist-Antagonist Opioids
drug is indicated for mild to moderate pain and is much less
effective than morphine against severe pain.
acts as an agonist at κ receptors and as an antagonist at µ
receptors.
the drug produces analgesia, sedation, and respiratory
depression.
If administered to a patient who is physically dependent on a
pure opioid agonist, can precipitate withdrawal; this is due to
agonist effect at (mu) receptor which this drug antagonizes.
Pentazocine (Talwin)
act as antagonists at µ and κ receptors; Their principal use is
reversal of respiratory and CNS depression caused by
overdose with opioid agonists.
methylnaltrexone—is used to treat opioid-induced
constipation.
Naloxone (Narcan) is the prototype of the pure opioid
antagonists.
Pure opioid antagonists
Moderate to Severe Pain
Opioid Pain Consideration
Referral to a pain specialist is required for patients who take
this dose of Morphine Milligram Equivalents
120 mg per day of morphine milligram equivalents
Sedation, Nausea/Vomiting, Constipation, Urinary Retention,
Potential for Addiction, Respiratory Depression; Pupillary
Dilation
Adverse Effects of Opioids
