PSY 103 MIDTERM 1 REVIEW TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What was Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development?
Answer: Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and
culture in cognitive development.
◉ What is the zone of proximal development? Answer: It is the
difference between what a child can do independently and what they
can do with guidance.
◉ Why do young children talk to themselves according to Piaget?
Answer: Piaget believed it was a way for children to practice and
organize their thoughts.
◉ What is the concrete stage in Piaget's theory? Answer: It is the
stage where children can perform logical operations but struggle
with abstract concepts.
◉ What happens during middle childhood according to information
processing theorists? Answer: Cognitive abilities improve, and the
brain regions involved in processing information develop.
,◉ What is mindfulness training? Answer: Mindfulness training helps
children focus and manage their emotions.
◉ How does memory improve in middle childhood? Answer:
Memory capacity and strategies for retention become more
sophisticated.
◉ How does theory of mind change in middle childhood? Answer:
Children develop a better understanding of others' thoughts and
feelings.
◉ What was the Sam Stone study? Answer: It examined how
children's memories can be influenced by suggestion and context.
◉ Why are cases of child sexual abuse difficult to investigate?
Answer: Behavioral indicators are often unreliable, and children's
testimonies can be influenced by various factors.
◉ What is the scientific method? Answer: It is a systematic approach
to inquiry involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and
conclusion.
◉ What is a theory? Answer: A theory is a well-substantiated
explanation of an aspect of the natural world.
,◉ What is a hypothesis? Answer: A hypothesis is a testable
prediction about the relationship between variables.
◉ What is research? Answer: Research is the systematic
investigation into a subject to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
◉ What is an operational definition? Answer: It defines a concept in
measurable terms to allow for empirical testing.
◉ What are reliability and validity? Answer: Reliability refers to
consistency of measurement, while validity refers to the accuracy of
what is being measured.
◉ What ethical obligations do researchers have? Answer:
Researchers must ensure the safety, confidentiality, and informed
consent of participants.
◉ What are descriptive methodologies? Answer: These
methodologies describe behaviors without manipulating variables.
◉ What is naturalistic observation? Answer: It involves observing
subjects in their natural environment without interference.
, ◉ What are developmental methodologies? Answer: These
methodologies study changes in behavior or cognition over time.
◉ What is a longitudinal study? Answer: A longitudinal study
follows the same subjects over a long period.
◉ What is a cross-sectional study? Answer: A cross-sectional study
compares different groups at a single point in time.
◉ What are case studies? Answer: Case studies provide an in-depth
analysis of a single subject or group.
◉ What are survey methodologies? Answer: Surveys gather data
from a large number of respondents through questionnaires.
◉ What is correlational methodology? Answer: It examines the
relationship between two variables without manipulating them.
◉ What is a positive correlation? Answer: A positive correlation
means that as one variable increases, the other also increases.
◉ What is a negative correlation? Answer: A negative correlation
means that as one variable increases, the other decreases.
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What was Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development?
Answer: Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and
culture in cognitive development.
◉ What is the zone of proximal development? Answer: It is the
difference between what a child can do independently and what they
can do with guidance.
◉ Why do young children talk to themselves according to Piaget?
Answer: Piaget believed it was a way for children to practice and
organize their thoughts.
◉ What is the concrete stage in Piaget's theory? Answer: It is the
stage where children can perform logical operations but struggle
with abstract concepts.
◉ What happens during middle childhood according to information
processing theorists? Answer: Cognitive abilities improve, and the
brain regions involved in processing information develop.
,◉ What is mindfulness training? Answer: Mindfulness training helps
children focus and manage their emotions.
◉ How does memory improve in middle childhood? Answer:
Memory capacity and strategies for retention become more
sophisticated.
◉ How does theory of mind change in middle childhood? Answer:
Children develop a better understanding of others' thoughts and
feelings.
◉ What was the Sam Stone study? Answer: It examined how
children's memories can be influenced by suggestion and context.
◉ Why are cases of child sexual abuse difficult to investigate?
Answer: Behavioral indicators are often unreliable, and children's
testimonies can be influenced by various factors.
◉ What is the scientific method? Answer: It is a systematic approach
to inquiry involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and
conclusion.
◉ What is a theory? Answer: A theory is a well-substantiated
explanation of an aspect of the natural world.
,◉ What is a hypothesis? Answer: A hypothesis is a testable
prediction about the relationship between variables.
◉ What is research? Answer: Research is the systematic
investigation into a subject to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
◉ What is an operational definition? Answer: It defines a concept in
measurable terms to allow for empirical testing.
◉ What are reliability and validity? Answer: Reliability refers to
consistency of measurement, while validity refers to the accuracy of
what is being measured.
◉ What ethical obligations do researchers have? Answer:
Researchers must ensure the safety, confidentiality, and informed
consent of participants.
◉ What are descriptive methodologies? Answer: These
methodologies describe behaviors without manipulating variables.
◉ What is naturalistic observation? Answer: It involves observing
subjects in their natural environment without interference.
, ◉ What are developmental methodologies? Answer: These
methodologies study changes in behavior or cognition over time.
◉ What is a longitudinal study? Answer: A longitudinal study
follows the same subjects over a long period.
◉ What is a cross-sectional study? Answer: A cross-sectional study
compares different groups at a single point in time.
◉ What are case studies? Answer: Case studies provide an in-depth
analysis of a single subject or group.
◉ What are survey methodologies? Answer: Surveys gather data
from a large number of respondents through questionnaires.
◉ What is correlational methodology? Answer: It examines the
relationship between two variables without manipulating them.
◉ What is a positive correlation? Answer: A positive correlation
means that as one variable increases, the other also increases.
◉ What is a negative correlation? Answer: A negative correlation
means that as one variable increases, the other decreases.
