NUR 1213 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE PAPER 2026
DETAILED SOLUTIONS
◉ Constructivist paradigm. Answer: - Reality is multiple and
subjective, mentally constructed by individuals
- Researcher interacts with those being researched
- Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable
◉ Positivist paradigm. Answer: - Reality exists; there is a real world
driven by real natural causes
- Researcher is independent from those being researched
- Values and biases are to be held in check;objectivity is sought
◉ Pilot test. Answer: A trial run
◉ Clinical practice guidelines. Answer: Give specific
recommendations for evidence-based decision making
◉ Evidence hierarchy. Answer: Rank evidence sources according to
the strength of the evidence they provide
,◉ Cochrane Library. Answer: Goal is to help providers make good
healthcare decisions by preparing and disseminating systematic
reviews of the effects of healthcare interventions
◉ PICOT. Answer: Population, intervention, comparison, outcome,
time
◉ Dependent variable. Answer: The variable hypothesized to
depend on/be caused by another variable
◉ Causal (cause-and-effect) relationships. Answer: A relationship
between two variables where the presence/value of one variable
(cause) determines the presence/value of the other (effect)
◉ Concept. Answer: An abstraction based on observations of
behaviors or characteristics
◉ Operational definition. Answer: The definition of a concept or
variable in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured
◉ Level of significance. Answer: The risk of making a type I error in
statistical analysis, established by the researcher beforehand
, ◉ Reflexivity. Answer: In qualitative studies, critical self-reflection
about one's own biases, preferences, and preconceptions
◉ Triangulation. Answer: The use of multiple methods to collect and
interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to converge on an
accurate representation of reality
◉ Bias. Answer: Any influence that distorts the results of a study and
undermines validity
◉ Methods section. Answer: Includes four subsections: design,
participants, procedures, and data analysis
◉ Anonymity. Answer: Protection of participants' confidentiality
such that even the research can't link individuals with the data they
provided
◉ Stipend. Answer: A monetary payment to individuals participating
in a study to sever as an incentive for participation and/or to
compensate for time and expenses
◉ Informed consent. Answer: An ethical principle that requires
researchers to obtain people's voluntary participation in a study,
after informing them of possible risks and benefits
DETAILED SOLUTIONS
◉ Constructivist paradigm. Answer: - Reality is multiple and
subjective, mentally constructed by individuals
- Researcher interacts with those being researched
- Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable
◉ Positivist paradigm. Answer: - Reality exists; there is a real world
driven by real natural causes
- Researcher is independent from those being researched
- Values and biases are to be held in check;objectivity is sought
◉ Pilot test. Answer: A trial run
◉ Clinical practice guidelines. Answer: Give specific
recommendations for evidence-based decision making
◉ Evidence hierarchy. Answer: Rank evidence sources according to
the strength of the evidence they provide
,◉ Cochrane Library. Answer: Goal is to help providers make good
healthcare decisions by preparing and disseminating systematic
reviews of the effects of healthcare interventions
◉ PICOT. Answer: Population, intervention, comparison, outcome,
time
◉ Dependent variable. Answer: The variable hypothesized to
depend on/be caused by another variable
◉ Causal (cause-and-effect) relationships. Answer: A relationship
between two variables where the presence/value of one variable
(cause) determines the presence/value of the other (effect)
◉ Concept. Answer: An abstraction based on observations of
behaviors or characteristics
◉ Operational definition. Answer: The definition of a concept or
variable in terms of the procedures by which it is to be measured
◉ Level of significance. Answer: The risk of making a type I error in
statistical analysis, established by the researcher beforehand
, ◉ Reflexivity. Answer: In qualitative studies, critical self-reflection
about one's own biases, preferences, and preconceptions
◉ Triangulation. Answer: The use of multiple methods to collect and
interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to converge on an
accurate representation of reality
◉ Bias. Answer: Any influence that distorts the results of a study and
undermines validity
◉ Methods section. Answer: Includes four subsections: design,
participants, procedures, and data analysis
◉ Anonymity. Answer: Protection of participants' confidentiality
such that even the research can't link individuals with the data they
provided
◉ Stipend. Answer: A monetary payment to individuals participating
in a study to sever as an incentive for participation and/or to
compensate for time and expenses
◉ Informed consent. Answer: An ethical principle that requires
researchers to obtain people's voluntary participation in a study,
after informing them of possible risks and benefits
