PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL PAPER 2026
EXAM STUDY SHEET FULL SOLUTION
GRADED A+
⩥ Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces. Answer: A
⩥ Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids. Answer: C
⩥ A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing
antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the
healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
,c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L. Answer: B
⩥ A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism. Answer: C
⩥ A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a.
Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis. Answer: B
⩥ Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive. Answer: D
,⩥ People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the
condition because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness. Answer: B
⩥ What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation. Answer: C
⩥ What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages. Answer: B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of
protein C1 and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an
antigen and an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune
complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory
process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release the
contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of
inflammation among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type
involved in phagocytosis.
, ⩥ In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic
pathways converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V. Answer: C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and
intrinsic pathways that converge only at factor X.
⩥ What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2
(H2) receptor have on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination. Answer: A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is
generally antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of
leukocyte function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation,
acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory process.
⩥ Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells,
they act in what fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
EXAM STUDY SHEET FULL SOLUTION
GRADED A+
⩥ Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces. Answer: A
⩥ Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids. Answer: C
⩥ A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing
antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the
healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
,c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L. Answer: B
⩥ A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism. Answer: C
⩥ A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient
should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a.
Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis. Answer: B
⩥ Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive. Answer: D
,⩥ People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the
condition because of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness. Answer: B
⩥ What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation. Answer: C
⩥ What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages. Answer: B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of
protein C1 and is preceded by the formation of a complex between an
antigen and an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex (immune
complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start of the inflammatory
process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release the
contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of
inflammation among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type
involved in phagocytosis.
, ⩥ In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic
pathways converge at which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V. Answer: C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and
intrinsic pathways that converge only at factor X.
⩥ What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2
(H2) receptor have on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination. Answer: A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is
generally antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of
leukocyte function. Binding to H2 receptors does not cause activation,
acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory process.
⩥ Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells,
they act in what fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
