PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 14 TEST
PAPER 7TH EDITION QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 2026 GRADED A+
⩥ Nucleus. Answer: Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in
eukaryotes.
⩥ Respiration. Answer: Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
⩥ Nucleolus. Answer: Region within nucleus containing genetic
material.
⩥ Integral membrane proteins. Answer: Dissolve bilayer to remove
attached proteins.
⩥ Ligands. Answer: Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
⩥ Fibronectin. Answer: Extracellular matrix protein decreased in
metastatic cancer.
⩥ Cell junction. Answer: Structure allowing direct communication
between adjacent cells.
,⩥ Paracrine signaling. Answer: Local chemical mediators affecting
nearby cells.
⩥ Enzyme affinity. Answer: High attraction of enzymes to specific
substrates.
⩥ Metabolic absorption. Answer: Cellular process of nutrient uptake for
energy.
⩥ Cell adhesion molecules. Answer: Proteins that help cells stick to each
other.
⩥ Glycoproteins. Answer: Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking
cell identity.
⩥ Gap junction. Answer: Channels allowing communication between
adjacent cells.
⩥ Desmosome. Answer: Structure providing mechanical stability
between cells.
⩥ Tight junction. Answer: Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial
cells.
,⩥ Mitochondria. Answer: Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
⩥ Ribosomes. Answer: Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
⩥ Cytoplasm. Answer: Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
⩥ Collagen. Answer: Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing
support.
⩥ Elastin. Answer: Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
⩥ Alpha cells. Answer: Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
⩥ Beta cells. Answer: Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
⩥ Paracrine signaling. Answer: Local chemical mediators quickly taken
up or destroyed.
⩥ Enzyme affinity. Answer: Each enzyme has high affinity for a
substrate.
⩥ ATP deficiency. Answer: Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
, ⩥ Citric acid cycle. Answer: Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
⩥ Phases of catabolism. Answer: Includes digestion, glycolysis,
oxidation, citric acid cycle.
⩥ Anaerobic glycolysis. Answer: Occurs without oxygen for continued
muscle performance.
⩥ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of solute from high to low
concentration.
⩥ Electrolytes. Answer: Electrically charged molecules essential for
bodily functions.
⩥ Oncotic pressure. Answer: Determined by concentration of plasma
proteins.
⩥ Hydrostatic pressure. Answer: Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
⩥ Active transport. Answer: Movement of molecules against a
concentration gradient.
⩥ Osmosis. Answer: Movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane.
PAPER 7TH EDITION QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 2026 GRADED A+
⩥ Nucleus. Answer: Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in
eukaryotes.
⩥ Respiration. Answer: Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
⩥ Nucleolus. Answer: Region within nucleus containing genetic
material.
⩥ Integral membrane proteins. Answer: Dissolve bilayer to remove
attached proteins.
⩥ Ligands. Answer: Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
⩥ Fibronectin. Answer: Extracellular matrix protein decreased in
metastatic cancer.
⩥ Cell junction. Answer: Structure allowing direct communication
between adjacent cells.
,⩥ Paracrine signaling. Answer: Local chemical mediators affecting
nearby cells.
⩥ Enzyme affinity. Answer: High attraction of enzymes to specific
substrates.
⩥ Metabolic absorption. Answer: Cellular process of nutrient uptake for
energy.
⩥ Cell adhesion molecules. Answer: Proteins that help cells stick to each
other.
⩥ Glycoproteins. Answer: Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking
cell identity.
⩥ Gap junction. Answer: Channels allowing communication between
adjacent cells.
⩥ Desmosome. Answer: Structure providing mechanical stability
between cells.
⩥ Tight junction. Answer: Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial
cells.
,⩥ Mitochondria. Answer: Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
⩥ Ribosomes. Answer: Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
⩥ Cytoplasm. Answer: Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
⩥ Collagen. Answer: Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing
support.
⩥ Elastin. Answer: Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
⩥ Alpha cells. Answer: Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
⩥ Beta cells. Answer: Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
⩥ Paracrine signaling. Answer: Local chemical mediators quickly taken
up or destroyed.
⩥ Enzyme affinity. Answer: Each enzyme has high affinity for a
substrate.
⩥ ATP deficiency. Answer: Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
, ⩥ Citric acid cycle. Answer: Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
⩥ Phases of catabolism. Answer: Includes digestion, glycolysis,
oxidation, citric acid cycle.
⩥ Anaerobic glycolysis. Answer: Occurs without oxygen for continued
muscle performance.
⩥ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of solute from high to low
concentration.
⩥ Electrolytes. Answer: Electrically charged molecules essential for
bodily functions.
⩥ Oncotic pressure. Answer: Determined by concentration of plasma
proteins.
⩥ Hydrostatic pressure. Answer: Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
⩥ Active transport. Answer: Movement of molecules against a
concentration gradient.
⩥ Osmosis. Answer: Movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane.
