ISTM 310 STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) - ✔✔permits an e-mail message to
remain stored on the mail server even after they have been read by a client computer
✔✔With a client-based network, one fundamental problem is that: - ✔✔all data on the
server must travel to the client for processing
✔✔In the three tier architecture, the software on the client computer is responsible for
the _____________ - ✔✔presentation logic
✔✔_____________, or the algorithms or business logic programmed into the
application, can be simple or complex depending on the application - ✔✔application
logic
✔✔With the two-tier client-server architecture, the serve is responsible for the
_________ logic. - ✔✔data access
✔✔A(n) ___________ is the way in which the functions of the applications later
software are spread among the clients and servers in the network. - ✔✔Application
architecture
✔✔_________ is the dominant network protocol today and is in use in virtually every
LAN and WAN in the world - ✔✔TCP/IP
✔✔UDP is not commonly used for: - ✔✔HTTP requests
✔✔Performs packetizing, as well as routing and addressing functions - ✔✔TCP/IP
✔✔IPv4 provides __________ IP addresses - ✔✔4.3 billion
✔✔IPv4 uses ______ bytes per internet address - ✔✔4
✔✔The ping command uses the most basic interior routing protocol on the internet,
which is the: - ✔✔Internet Control Message Protocol
✔✔With _________ messaging, each UDP segment makes its own way through the
network without the use of sequence numbers or acknowledgements -
✔✔Connectionless
✔✔Which of the following is not a protocol used at the application layer - ✔✔UDP
,✔✔The newer form of IP, version 6 (IPv6) - ✔✔has an increased address size from 32
bits to 128 bits
✔✔When TCP/IP translates a network layer address into a data link layer address, it
sends a special __________ to all computers in the subnet - ✔✔Broadcast message
✔✔Assume that more than one application program is using the same communications
line on a particular computer. To be able to decide to which application program a
message should be delivered o this computer, TCP/IP relies on the: - ✔✔Port address
✔✔A TCP three-way handshake is used to establish a _______ messaging method. -
✔✔Connection-oriented
✔✔The negotiation by the transport layer at the sender with the transport layer at the
receiver to determine what size packets should be set up is done via establishing a(n)
___________ between the sender and receiver. - ✔✔TCP Connection
✔✔TCP uses _____________ so that the destination station can reassemble the
packets into the correct order. - ✔✔Sequence numbers
✔✔Email server - ✔✔Computer on a network that stores email for other users to access
✔✔Local Area Network - ✔✔A group of computers located in the same general area
✔✔Backbone Network - ✔✔A larger, central network connecting several LANs, other
BNs, MANs, and WANs. Span from hundreds of feet to several miles. Very high speed
data transmission (100-1,000 Mbps). Allows sharing of bandwidth
✔✔High Speed - ✔✔Typically found around 1,000 Mbps but 10 gigs is also faster
✔✔Wide Area Network - ✔✔connect BNs and MANS. Multiple networks linked together
usually by leasing circuits from IXCs (AT&T, Sprint) and use those to transmit data. Can
be as fast as 10 Gbps
✔✔Metropolitan Area Network - ✔✔Run by cable company to cover the entirety of a
city. Different clients can lease this space
✔✔OSI Model - ✔✔Open Systems Interconnection Reference: framework of standards
for computer-to-computer communications
✔✔Layer 1 - ✔✔Physical layer
✔✔Layer 2 - ✔✔Data Link Layer
,✔✔Layer 3 - ✔✔Network Layer
✔✔Layer 4 - ✔✔Transport Layer
✔✔Layer 5 - ✔✔Session Layer
✔✔Layer 6 - ✔✔Presentation Layer
✔✔Layer 7 - ✔✔Application Layer
✔✔Whats a typical protocol found at layer 2 in the OSI Model - ✔✔Ethernet
✔✔What is the typical protocol at layer 4 in the OSI Model - ✔✔TCP
✔✔What is the typical protocol at layer 3 in the OSI Model - ✔✔IP
✔✔What is the typical protocol at layer 7 in the OSI Model - ✔✔HTTP, FTP, SMTP
✔✔Why do we have networking standards? - ✔✔So everything works together
✔✔De Facto Standards - ✔✔Standards that emerged overtime (not formal but could
become formal)
✔✔World Wide Web - ✔✔Major type of Network on HTTP: an Internet information
system that allows access to electronic documents by hypertext links
✔✔Intranet - ✔✔Major type of Network on HTTP: available to people inside the
organization
✔✔Extranet - ✔✔is provided to invited users outside the organization who access it
over the Internet (Howdy Portal)
✔✔A network admin receives a report of users not being able to access something but
still able to receive emails. What layer of the OSI Model does this deal with - ✔✔Layer 7
(the web server crashed but physical server runs just fine)
✔✔Physical Layer - ✔✔Layer 1 concerned primarily with transmitting data bits over a
communication circuit (voltages of electricity, number of bits/sec, physical format of the
cables and connectors used)
✔✔Data Link Layer - ✔✔Layer 2 manages the physical transmission circuit in layer 1
and transforms it into a circuit that is free of transmission errors. Must create and
, recognize message boundaries. Decides when a device can transmit so that two
computers do not try to transmit at the same time
✔✔Network Layer - ✔✔Layer 3: performs routing. Determines the net computer to
which the message should be sent
✔✔Transport Layer - ✔✔Layer 4 deals with end-to-end issues, such as procedures for
entering and departing from the network. Establishes maintains and terminates logical
connections for the transfer of data between original sender and final destination.
Breaks packets down smaller, and performs flow control
✔✔Session Layer - ✔✔Layer 5 is responsible for managing and structuring all sessions.
arranges for all desired and required services between session participants
✔✔Presentation Layer - ✔✔Layer 6 formats the data for presentation to the user.
Accommodates different interfaces on different computers.
✔✔Application Layer - ✔✔Layer 7 end user's access to the network. Provides a set of
utilities for application programs
✔✔Application Architecture - ✔✔The way the functions of the application layer are
spread out across the client and server
✔✔Mainframes - ✔✔Yuuuuuuuuuge servers that are not dead. The cloud runs on
mainframes
✔✔De jure Standards - ✔✔Formal standards developed by an official industry or a
government body (HTTP, HTML, IP, Ethernet, etc.)
✔✔Data Storage - ✔✔exactly how it sounds the requirement that data be stored and
retrieved
✔✔Data Access Logic - ✔✔processing required to access data
✔✔Application logic - ✔✔Business logic: simple or complex depending on the
application
✔✔Presentation logic - ✔✔presentation of information to the user ad the acceptance of
the user's commands
✔✔Host-Based Architecture - ✔✔Server (host computer) performs virtually all of the
work
Problems: Server must process all messages (makes everything crowded) and its very
expensive to upgrade
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) - ✔✔permits an e-mail message to
remain stored on the mail server even after they have been read by a client computer
✔✔With a client-based network, one fundamental problem is that: - ✔✔all data on the
server must travel to the client for processing
✔✔In the three tier architecture, the software on the client computer is responsible for
the _____________ - ✔✔presentation logic
✔✔_____________, or the algorithms or business logic programmed into the
application, can be simple or complex depending on the application - ✔✔application
logic
✔✔With the two-tier client-server architecture, the serve is responsible for the
_________ logic. - ✔✔data access
✔✔A(n) ___________ is the way in which the functions of the applications later
software are spread among the clients and servers in the network. - ✔✔Application
architecture
✔✔_________ is the dominant network protocol today and is in use in virtually every
LAN and WAN in the world - ✔✔TCP/IP
✔✔UDP is not commonly used for: - ✔✔HTTP requests
✔✔Performs packetizing, as well as routing and addressing functions - ✔✔TCP/IP
✔✔IPv4 provides __________ IP addresses - ✔✔4.3 billion
✔✔IPv4 uses ______ bytes per internet address - ✔✔4
✔✔The ping command uses the most basic interior routing protocol on the internet,
which is the: - ✔✔Internet Control Message Protocol
✔✔With _________ messaging, each UDP segment makes its own way through the
network without the use of sequence numbers or acknowledgements -
✔✔Connectionless
✔✔Which of the following is not a protocol used at the application layer - ✔✔UDP
,✔✔The newer form of IP, version 6 (IPv6) - ✔✔has an increased address size from 32
bits to 128 bits
✔✔When TCP/IP translates a network layer address into a data link layer address, it
sends a special __________ to all computers in the subnet - ✔✔Broadcast message
✔✔Assume that more than one application program is using the same communications
line on a particular computer. To be able to decide to which application program a
message should be delivered o this computer, TCP/IP relies on the: - ✔✔Port address
✔✔A TCP three-way handshake is used to establish a _______ messaging method. -
✔✔Connection-oriented
✔✔The negotiation by the transport layer at the sender with the transport layer at the
receiver to determine what size packets should be set up is done via establishing a(n)
___________ between the sender and receiver. - ✔✔TCP Connection
✔✔TCP uses _____________ so that the destination station can reassemble the
packets into the correct order. - ✔✔Sequence numbers
✔✔Email server - ✔✔Computer on a network that stores email for other users to access
✔✔Local Area Network - ✔✔A group of computers located in the same general area
✔✔Backbone Network - ✔✔A larger, central network connecting several LANs, other
BNs, MANs, and WANs. Span from hundreds of feet to several miles. Very high speed
data transmission (100-1,000 Mbps). Allows sharing of bandwidth
✔✔High Speed - ✔✔Typically found around 1,000 Mbps but 10 gigs is also faster
✔✔Wide Area Network - ✔✔connect BNs and MANS. Multiple networks linked together
usually by leasing circuits from IXCs (AT&T, Sprint) and use those to transmit data. Can
be as fast as 10 Gbps
✔✔Metropolitan Area Network - ✔✔Run by cable company to cover the entirety of a
city. Different clients can lease this space
✔✔OSI Model - ✔✔Open Systems Interconnection Reference: framework of standards
for computer-to-computer communications
✔✔Layer 1 - ✔✔Physical layer
✔✔Layer 2 - ✔✔Data Link Layer
,✔✔Layer 3 - ✔✔Network Layer
✔✔Layer 4 - ✔✔Transport Layer
✔✔Layer 5 - ✔✔Session Layer
✔✔Layer 6 - ✔✔Presentation Layer
✔✔Layer 7 - ✔✔Application Layer
✔✔Whats a typical protocol found at layer 2 in the OSI Model - ✔✔Ethernet
✔✔What is the typical protocol at layer 4 in the OSI Model - ✔✔TCP
✔✔What is the typical protocol at layer 3 in the OSI Model - ✔✔IP
✔✔What is the typical protocol at layer 7 in the OSI Model - ✔✔HTTP, FTP, SMTP
✔✔Why do we have networking standards? - ✔✔So everything works together
✔✔De Facto Standards - ✔✔Standards that emerged overtime (not formal but could
become formal)
✔✔World Wide Web - ✔✔Major type of Network on HTTP: an Internet information
system that allows access to electronic documents by hypertext links
✔✔Intranet - ✔✔Major type of Network on HTTP: available to people inside the
organization
✔✔Extranet - ✔✔is provided to invited users outside the organization who access it
over the Internet (Howdy Portal)
✔✔A network admin receives a report of users not being able to access something but
still able to receive emails. What layer of the OSI Model does this deal with - ✔✔Layer 7
(the web server crashed but physical server runs just fine)
✔✔Physical Layer - ✔✔Layer 1 concerned primarily with transmitting data bits over a
communication circuit (voltages of electricity, number of bits/sec, physical format of the
cables and connectors used)
✔✔Data Link Layer - ✔✔Layer 2 manages the physical transmission circuit in layer 1
and transforms it into a circuit that is free of transmission errors. Must create and
, recognize message boundaries. Decides when a device can transmit so that two
computers do not try to transmit at the same time
✔✔Network Layer - ✔✔Layer 3: performs routing. Determines the net computer to
which the message should be sent
✔✔Transport Layer - ✔✔Layer 4 deals with end-to-end issues, such as procedures for
entering and departing from the network. Establishes maintains and terminates logical
connections for the transfer of data between original sender and final destination.
Breaks packets down smaller, and performs flow control
✔✔Session Layer - ✔✔Layer 5 is responsible for managing and structuring all sessions.
arranges for all desired and required services between session participants
✔✔Presentation Layer - ✔✔Layer 6 formats the data for presentation to the user.
Accommodates different interfaces on different computers.
✔✔Application Layer - ✔✔Layer 7 end user's access to the network. Provides a set of
utilities for application programs
✔✔Application Architecture - ✔✔The way the functions of the application layer are
spread out across the client and server
✔✔Mainframes - ✔✔Yuuuuuuuuuge servers that are not dead. The cloud runs on
mainframes
✔✔De jure Standards - ✔✔Formal standards developed by an official industry or a
government body (HTTP, HTML, IP, Ethernet, etc.)
✔✔Data Storage - ✔✔exactly how it sounds the requirement that data be stored and
retrieved
✔✔Data Access Logic - ✔✔processing required to access data
✔✔Application logic - ✔✔Business logic: simple or complex depending on the
application
✔✔Presentation logic - ✔✔presentation of information to the user ad the acceptance of
the user's commands
✔✔Host-Based Architecture - ✔✔Server (host computer) performs virtually all of the
work
Problems: Server must process all messages (makes everything crowded) and its very
expensive to upgrade
