BSC 2085 UPDATED 2026 EXAM SCRIPT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Comparative physiology - ✔✔study of how different species have solved problems
of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction
-also the basis for development of new drugs and medical procedures
✔✔Hippocrates - ✔✔-father of medicine
-Greek Physician
-code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)
-urged doctors to seek natural causes of diseases rather than religion
✔✔Aristotle - ✔✔-believed diseases were supernatural or physical causes
--called Supernatural causes of disease THEOLOGI
--called natural causes of disease PHYSIOLOGI
-Believed complex structures were built by simple parts.
✔✔Claudius Galen - ✔✔-Physician to Roman gladiators
-Did animal dissections because cadavers were not allowed
-Saw science as a method of discovery
-Teachings were adopted as Dogma in Europe in middle ages
✔✔Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimen) - ✔✔-Jewish physician who wrote 10 influential
texts
-was physician to Egyptian Saltan, Salodin
✔✔Avicenna (ibn Sina) - ✔✔(the Galen of Islam)
-Combined both Galen and Aristotles findings with original discoveries
-wrote THE CANNON OF MEDICINE, used in medical schools for over 500 years
✔✔Andreas Vesalius - ✔✔-Catholic church relaxed restrictions on dissections of
cadavers
-performed his own dissections
-published first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the sturcture of the
human body) in 1543
✔✔William Harvey - ✔✔Contribution represented birth of physiology
-published book De Moto Cordis (On the motion of the heart) in 1628
-Realized blood flows from the heart and back to it-- sOME CREDIT was also given to
Michael Servetus
, ✔✔Robert Hooke - ✔✔Made several improvements to the compound microscope- two
lenses Ocular and Objective lenses
-invented specimen stage, illuminator, coarse and fine focus controls
-Microscope magnified only 30x
-First to see and name cells'
-Published his first book on Microscopy
✔✔Antony Van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔Invented the simple (single lens) microscope (200x)
✔✔Matthias Schleiden
&
Theodor Schwann - ✔✔-Examined wide varitety of specimens
-concluded that "all organisms are composed of cells"
-First tent of Cell Theory
---Considered to be perhaps the most important breakthrough in biomedical history
---All functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity
✔✔Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (France) - ✔✔-Philosopher who
invented new habits of scientific though-a creative, objective process
-Sought systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and
drawing useful generalization from observable facts
Governments of England and France
-Established academics of science that still exist today
Science and the Scientific Method
-Set standards of truth
✔✔Inductive Method - ✔✔-first prescribed by bacon,n is a process of making numerous
observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from
them
-Proof in Science
-In science, all truth is tentative
✔✔Hypothetico-Deductive Method - ✔✔Most Physiological knowledge was gained from
this method
-Investogator forms hypothesis(an educated speculation or possible andwer to the
question)
-Good hypothesis is consistnet and is capable of being tested and possible falsified
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Comparative physiology - ✔✔study of how different species have solved problems
of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction
-also the basis for development of new drugs and medical procedures
✔✔Hippocrates - ✔✔-father of medicine
-Greek Physician
-code of ethics (Hippocratic Oath)
-urged doctors to seek natural causes of diseases rather than religion
✔✔Aristotle - ✔✔-believed diseases were supernatural or physical causes
--called Supernatural causes of disease THEOLOGI
--called natural causes of disease PHYSIOLOGI
-Believed complex structures were built by simple parts.
✔✔Claudius Galen - ✔✔-Physician to Roman gladiators
-Did animal dissections because cadavers were not allowed
-Saw science as a method of discovery
-Teachings were adopted as Dogma in Europe in middle ages
✔✔Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimen) - ✔✔-Jewish physician who wrote 10 influential
texts
-was physician to Egyptian Saltan, Salodin
✔✔Avicenna (ibn Sina) - ✔✔(the Galen of Islam)
-Combined both Galen and Aristotles findings with original discoveries
-wrote THE CANNON OF MEDICINE, used in medical schools for over 500 years
✔✔Andreas Vesalius - ✔✔-Catholic church relaxed restrictions on dissections of
cadavers
-performed his own dissections
-published first atlas of anatomy, De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the sturcture of the
human body) in 1543
✔✔William Harvey - ✔✔Contribution represented birth of physiology
-published book De Moto Cordis (On the motion of the heart) in 1628
-Realized blood flows from the heart and back to it-- sOME CREDIT was also given to
Michael Servetus
, ✔✔Robert Hooke - ✔✔Made several improvements to the compound microscope- two
lenses Ocular and Objective lenses
-invented specimen stage, illuminator, coarse and fine focus controls
-Microscope magnified only 30x
-First to see and name cells'
-Published his first book on Microscopy
✔✔Antony Van Leeuwenhoek - ✔✔Invented the simple (single lens) microscope (200x)
✔✔Matthias Schleiden
&
Theodor Schwann - ✔✔-Examined wide varitety of specimens
-concluded that "all organisms are composed of cells"
-First tent of Cell Theory
---Considered to be perhaps the most important breakthrough in biomedical history
---All functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity
✔✔Francis Bacon (England) and Rene Descartes (France) - ✔✔-Philosopher who
invented new habits of scientific though-a creative, objective process
-Sought systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and
drawing useful generalization from observable facts
Governments of England and France
-Established academics of science that still exist today
Science and the Scientific Method
-Set standards of truth
✔✔Inductive Method - ✔✔-first prescribed by bacon,n is a process of making numerous
observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from
them
-Proof in Science
-In science, all truth is tentative
✔✔Hypothetico-Deductive Method - ✔✔Most Physiological knowledge was gained from
this method
-Investogator forms hypothesis(an educated speculation or possible andwer to the
question)
-Good hypothesis is consistnet and is capable of being tested and possible falsified
