BPK 241 FINAL PAPER 2026 TEST BANK
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● how many vertebrae are fused? Answer: 9 (4 fuse to form coccyx)
● What are the curves in the spine? Answer: 2 lordodic curves (Cervical
and lumbar spine), 2 hypothic curves (thoracic and sacrum)
● list the features of the spine Answer: body, spinous process, lateral
process (articulates with ribs, facet joints)
● neural arch Answer: opening in the middle of the spine (where your
spinal cord travels through)
● what is everything on the back of your spine called? Answer:
posterior element, vertebral body
● What kind of capsule is contained within the joints of the spine?
Answer: synovial (fluid)
● Where do the IV discs lie? Answer: between vertebral bodies
,● function of vertebral discs? Answer: stability, cushioning, shock
absorbers
● features of fibrocartilage Answer: tough, strong
● what is fibrocartilage called? Answer: annulus fibrosus
● what is the gel of the spine? Answer: nucleus pulposus
● Where does the fibrocartilaginous joint of the spine lie? Answer:
between discs and vertebral bodies
● Mini joints of the Synovial joint of the spine? Answer: facet joints (4
per vertebrae)
● List the ligaments of the spine Answer: anterior and posterior
longitudinal, ligamenta flava, intertransverse, interspinous and
supraspinous
● Which ligaments of the spine connect vertebrae bodies? Answer:
anterior and posterior longitudinal
● Which ligaments of the spine connect laminae, allows us to bend
forward Answer: ligamenta flava (more elastic)
,● Which ligaments of the spine connect transverse processes? Answer:
intertransverse
● Which ligaments of the spine connect spinous processes Answer:
Interspinous & supraspinous ligaments (on tips of spinous processes)
● What is the muscle of the spine? Answer: erector spinae
● Flexion and extension of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
● Lateral flexion of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar
● rotation of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical and
thoracic
● nerves of spine called Answer: dermatomes
● deep layer of intrinsic back muscles of the spine called? Answer:
Transversospinalis muscle group
, ● What actions does the transverospinalis muscle group produce?
Answer: lateral flexion, turn head and neck opposite side, extension
(fibres run superiorly and medially)
● Contralateral movement of the transverospinalis muscle group of the
spine occurs how? Answer: contralaterally - if contract on right, will
turn left
● What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow
us? Answer: Allow us to sit for long periods of time, engaged during not
very demanding work
● Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group Answer: can cause
low back pain to be reccurent
● where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies
skin/muscle area) Answer: Intervertebral foramen
● __ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case
Answer: 8
● Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail)
Answer: L4/L5
● Congenital predispositions
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
● how many vertebrae are fused? Answer: 9 (4 fuse to form coccyx)
● What are the curves in the spine? Answer: 2 lordodic curves (Cervical
and lumbar spine), 2 hypothic curves (thoracic and sacrum)
● list the features of the spine Answer: body, spinous process, lateral
process (articulates with ribs, facet joints)
● neural arch Answer: opening in the middle of the spine (where your
spinal cord travels through)
● what is everything on the back of your spine called? Answer:
posterior element, vertebral body
● What kind of capsule is contained within the joints of the spine?
Answer: synovial (fluid)
● Where do the IV discs lie? Answer: between vertebral bodies
,● function of vertebral discs? Answer: stability, cushioning, shock
absorbers
● features of fibrocartilage Answer: tough, strong
● what is fibrocartilage called? Answer: annulus fibrosus
● what is the gel of the spine? Answer: nucleus pulposus
● Where does the fibrocartilaginous joint of the spine lie? Answer:
between discs and vertebral bodies
● Mini joints of the Synovial joint of the spine? Answer: facet joints (4
per vertebrae)
● List the ligaments of the spine Answer: anterior and posterior
longitudinal, ligamenta flava, intertransverse, interspinous and
supraspinous
● Which ligaments of the spine connect vertebrae bodies? Answer:
anterior and posterior longitudinal
● Which ligaments of the spine connect laminae, allows us to bend
forward Answer: ligamenta flava (more elastic)
,● Which ligaments of the spine connect transverse processes? Answer:
intertransverse
● Which ligaments of the spine connect spinous processes Answer:
Interspinous & supraspinous ligaments (on tips of spinous processes)
● What is the muscle of the spine? Answer: erector spinae
● Flexion and extension of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
● Lateral flexion of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar
● rotation of the spine use what vertebrae? Answer: cervical and
thoracic
● nerves of spine called Answer: dermatomes
● deep layer of intrinsic back muscles of the spine called? Answer:
Transversospinalis muscle group
, ● What actions does the transverospinalis muscle group produce?
Answer: lateral flexion, turn head and neck opposite side, extension
(fibres run superiorly and medially)
● Contralateral movement of the transverospinalis muscle group of the
spine occurs how? Answer: contralaterally - if contract on right, will
turn left
● What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow
us? Answer: Allow us to sit for long periods of time, engaged during not
very demanding work
● Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group Answer: can cause
low back pain to be reccurent
● where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies
skin/muscle area) Answer: Intervertebral foramen
● __ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case
Answer: 8
● Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail)
Answer: L4/L5
● Congenital predispositions
