Applied Pathophysiology Exam 1 | Newest
Exam | Pathogenesis, Etiology & Clinical
Manifestations|Latest Update Complete and
A+ Graded Answers
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Risk
Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Prevalence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a disease.
Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a
population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population
divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being diagnosed with
a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed
cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio
The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value
contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention
Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
,Secondary Prevention
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology
study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence, incidence,
prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic
A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic
When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic
Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Homeostasis
A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation
Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to
noxious agents
Allostatic Overload
"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
,Adaptation
Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances,
internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal
Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional
reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol
Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
Endocrine Communication
Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication
Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation
Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation
Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential
, Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Na+ initiates the action potential
Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)
Describe a Resting Action Potential
Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials
Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization
As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside the cell
from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged,
depolarization of the cell is complete.
This triggers the action potential
Repolarization
Exam | Pathogenesis, Etiology & Clinical
Manifestations|Latest Update Complete and
A+ Graded Answers
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Risk
Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Prevalence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a disease.
Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a
population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population
divided by the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being diagnosed with
a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed
cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio
The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value
contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention
Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
,Secondary Prevention
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Epidemiology
study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence, incidence,
prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic
A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic
When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic
Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Homeostasis
A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
Exhausation
Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to
noxious agents
Allostatic Overload
"Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
,Adaptation
Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances,
internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Arousal
Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional
reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol
Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
Endocrine Communication
Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication
Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation
Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation
Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential
, Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Na+ initiates the action potential
Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)
Describe a Resting Action Potential
Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials
Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization
As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside the cell
from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged,
depolarization of the cell is complete.
This triggers the action potential
Repolarization
